Abstract The essential oils (EOs) of the stem (SEO) and leaves (LEO) of Zygophyllum qatarense were analysed by GC/MS. Seventeen compounds comprising 94.0% of the total oil composition were identified in the essential oil leaves (LEO), while eleven compounds accounting 100% of the total oil composition were detected in the essential oil stem (SEO). The main constituents identified in the LEO were methyl-8-pimaren-18-oate (33.09%), methyl palmitate (10.55%), methyl linolenate (7.67%), 6,6-dimethylhept-1-en-4-yne (7.45%) and caryophyllene (6.14%). The SEO was found rich in urs-12-en-28-ol (21.81%), followed by 15-bromopentadecan-1-ol (13.67%), 8,8-diheptylpentadecane (10.35%), α-pinene (8.92%), octadecanamide (8.92%), 2,6,10,14-tetramethylheptadecane (8.87%), hentriacontane (8.52), and caryophyllene (7.15%). Both the EOs were further screened for carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), and α-glucosidase inhibitions. Essential oil leaves of Z. qatarense exhibited significant CA-II activity (IC50 = 68.4 ± 2.3 µg/mL) than stem (IC50 = 76.9 ± 1.32 µg/mL) compared to standard (acetazolamide, IC50 = 18.2 ± 1.2 µM). Similarly, stem oil presented significant α-glucosidase (IC50 = 10.18 ± 0.39 µg/mL) inhibition than leaves (IC50 = 19.9 ± 1.17 µg/mL) in comparison with standard Acarbose (377.7 ± 1.34 µg/mL). From the results, it can be concluded that EOs of both parts of the study plant might have potential to be used for treatment of diabetes mellitus and CA II related diseases. In addition to that, up to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the GC/MS analysis, α-glucosidase, and CA-II enzyme inhibition of the essential oils isolated from stem and leaves of Z. qatarense.

Carbonic Anhydrase-II, α-Glucosidase, and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Stem and Leaves of Zygophyllum qatarense

Phytochemical Characterization of Thevetia peruviana (Lucky nut) Bark Extracts by GC-MS analysis, along with evaluation of its Biological Activities, and Molecular Docking Study

The relatively small Frankeniaceae family is represented by halophyte plants, growing in arid and semi-arid climates in saline, alkaline or calcareous soils. Due to their living conditions, they usually produce a large diversity of compounds, which often exhibit bioactivities. Some species of this genus have long been used as traditional herbal medicines to treat dysentery, diarrhea, gonorrhea, vaginal leucorrhea, respiratory diseases and wounds. To date, several studies on either phytochemical or pharmacological aspects, or both, have revealed that this genus is a rich source of diverse and novel bioactive chemicals, including phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids and fatty acids. This review describes all the reported chemical profiles of Frankenia species, as well as the corresponding biological properties, when available. The aim of this review is to show the potential of these plants for various applications, especially therapeutic ones.

Phytochemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Frankenia Species: A Review

The current research was designed to explore the Blepharispermum hirtum Oliver (Asteraceae) stem and leaves essential oil (EO) composition extracted through hydro-distillation using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for the first time. The EOs of the stem and leaves of B. hirtum were comparatively studied for the in vitro antidiabetic and anticancer potential using in vitro α-glucosidase and an MTT inhibition assay, respectively. In both of the tested samples, the same number of fifty-eight compounds were identified and contributed 93.88% and 89.07% of the total oil composition in the EOs of the stem and leaves of B. hirtum correspondingly. However, camphene was observed as a major compound (23.63%) in the stem EO, followed by β-selinene (5.33%) and β-elemene (4.66%) and laevo-β-pinene (4.38%). While in the EO of the leaves, the dominant compound was found to be 24-norursa-3,12-diene (9.08%), followed by β-eudesmol (7.81%), β-selinene (7.26%), thunbergol (5.84%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.62%). Significant antidiabetic potential was observed with an IC50 of 2.10 ± 0.57 µg/mL by the stem compared to the EO of the leaves of B. hirtum, having an IC50 of 4.30 ± 1.56 µg/mL when equated with acarbose (IC50 = 377.71 ± 1.34 µg/mL). Furthermore, the EOs offered considerable cytotoxic capabilities for MDA-MB-231. However, the EO of the leaves presented an IC50 = 88.4 ± 0.5 μg/mL compared to the EO of the stem of B. hirtum against the triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines with an IC50 = 123.6 ± 0.8 μg/mL. However, the EOs were also treated with the human breast epithelial (MCF-10A) cell line, and from the results, it has been concluded that these oils did not produce much harm to the normal cell lines. Hence, the present research proved that the EOs of B. hirtum might be used to cure diabetes mellitus and human breast cancer. Moreover, further studies are considered to be necessary to isolate the responsible bioactive constituents to devise drugs for the observed activities.

/pdf/first-report-on-comparative-essential-oil-profile-of-stem-3s3gdsvd.pdf

First Report on Comparative Essential Oil Profile of Stem and Leaves of Blepharispermum hirtum Oliver and Their Antidiabetic and Anticancer Effects

The present study explored Euphorbia larica essential oil (ELEO) constituents for the first time, obtained via hydro-distillation by means of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling. The essential oil was screened in vitro against breast cancer cells, normal cell lines, α-glucosidase, carbonic anhydrase-II (CA-II), free radical scavenging and in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory capabilities. The GC-MS screening revealed that the ELEO comprises sixty compounds (95.25%) with the dominant constituents being camphene (16.41%), thunbergol (15.33%), limonene (4.29%), eremophilene (3.77%), and β-eudesmol (3.51%). A promising antidiabetic capacity was noticed with an IC50 of 9.63 ± 0.22 μg/mL by the ELEO as equated to acarbose with an IC50 = 377.71 ± 1.34 μg/mL, while a 162.82 ± 1.24 μg/mL inhibition was observed against CA-II. Regarding breast cancer, the ELEO offered considerable cytotoxic capabilities against the triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines, having an IC50 = 183.8 ± 1.6 μg/mL. Furthermore, the ELEO was also tested with the human breast epithelial (MCF-10A) cell line, and the findings also presumed that the ELEO did not produce any damage to the tested normal cell lines. The ELEO was effective against the Gram-positive bacteria and offered a 19.8 ± 0.02 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI) against B. atrophaeus. At the same time, the maximum resistance with 18.03 ± 0.01 mm ZOI against the fungal strain Aspergillus parasiticus was observed among the tested fungal strains. An appreciable free radical significance was observed via the DPPH assay with an IC50 = 133.53 ± 0.19 µg/mL as equated to the ABTS assay having an IC50 = 154.93 ± 0.17 µg/mL. The ELEO also offered a substantial analgesic capacity and produced 58.33% inhibition in comparison with aspirin, a 68.47% decrease in writhes, and an anti-inflammatory capability of 65.54% inhibition, as equated to the standard diclofenac sodium having 73.64% inhibition. Hence, it was concluded that the ELEO might be a natural source for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, breast cancer, analgesic, inflammatory, and antimicrobial-related diseases. Moreover, additional phytochemical and pharmacological studies are needed to isolate responsible chemical ingredients to formulate new drugs for the examined activities.

/pdf/gc-ms-profiling-and-biomedical-applications-of-essential-oil-26gjushr.pdf

GC-MS Profiling and Biomedical Applications of Essential Oil of Euphorbia larica Boiss.: A New Report

A new a bisflavan-3-ol, boerhavianane (1), was isolated from Boerhavia elegans L. The structure of the flavanol dimer was elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis including 1H, 13C NMR, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and ESI-MS. Boerhavianane (1) was evaluated for its anticancer activity and demonstrated a significant reduction in the viability of breast cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 38.48 μg/mL. Moreover, boerhavianane (1) was also screened for DPPH antioxidant activity and acetyl cholinesterase, xanthine oxidase, urease, and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activities. Preliminary results showed that it exhibited significant inhibition (81.0 ± 2.0%) against urease enzyme, whereas for DPPH radical scavenging it showed moderate activity (75.0 ± 1.5%).

A New Anticancer Bisflavan-3-Ol from Boerhavia elegans

Evaluation of CA inhibition activity and the identification of the components of the essential oil of Frankenia pulverulenta (FPEO) and Boerhavia elegans (BEEO) were undertaken for the first time i...

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Aerial Parts of Frankenia pulverulenta L. and Boerhavia elegans Choisy from Northern Oman

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A New Anticancer Bisflavan-3-Ol from Boerhavia elegans

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Aerial Parts of Frankenia pulverulenta L. and Boerhavia elegans Choisy from Northern Oman