Environmental and genetic factors influence growth and bulb development of onions by affecting their physiology. Photoperiod plays critical a role in bulb development and determines the suitability of a cultivar for a particular region. Long days and high temperatures promote onion bulbing. Bulbing is regulated more by temperature than photoperiod, as determined by growing degree days. Far-red light promotes bulbing most effectively. High-temperature storage of sets (above 20–25°C) results in increased total bulb yields, while very high temperature (25.5–31°C) or temperature below 0°C depresses yield. Plant density has an impact on bulb size: the higher the plant density the smaller the bulb size. Onion is more sensitive to water stress during bulb formation and enlargement than during the vegetative stage. Nitrogen improves bulb development, but too much nitrogen promotes excessive vegetative growth and delays maturity. Growth hormones (gibberellins and ethrel) promote the growth and development ...

Environmental and genotypic effects on bulb development in onion – a review

Fruit fly (Bactrocera tau) is the most destructive pest on some fruits in Indonesia. Monitoring of the pest population is essential as one of the procedures in the IPM concept. The study aimed to investigate the seasonal fluctuation of adult males of B. tau and their damage on passion fruits in relation to abiotic factors. The research was done by a survey method on three plots of passion fruit orchards in Alahan Panjang, West Sumatra, Indonesia from March to December 2005. In plot 1 the farmer practiced sanitation by removing damaged fruits and weeds from the orchard. In the plots 2 and 3 no sanitation was practiced. Each plot was 1 ha in size. The parameters observed were density of adult male B. tau and climatic factors (rainfall per day, number of rainy days, and average day temperature). Empty mineral water bottle traps were used to catch adult males of B. tau. Each plot had 16 traps set up with cue lure as fruit fly attractant. Each trap was baited with 3 ml cue lure on a cotton wick (1 cm diameter). The cotton wick was rebaited at 2-week intervals. The traps were placed on host plants about 1.5 m above the ground. Trapped flies were collected every two weeks and counted. The data were analyzed by correlation analysis. The results revealed that the number of male B. tau in three orchards showed a similar fluctuation during the study period with a major peak in July. The lower numbers of flies captured in plot 1 (with sanitation) compared to the two other plots (without sanitation) were consistent with a lower percentage of damaged fruits in the plot 1 compared to the other two. The percentage of damaged fruits gradually decreased over time to about 20% in plot 1 which is lower than that in the other two plots (30-40%). The number of fruit flies captured with cue lure baited traps correlated positively with all three abiotic factors studied. The seasonal fluctuation of the fruit fly population and the damage to the fruits are necessary to be studied as a procedure in IPM for controlling B. tau.

https://ejurnal.litbang.pertanian.go.id/index.php/ijas/article/download/615/396

POPULATION FLUCTUATION OF ADULT MALES OF THE FRUIT FLY, Bactrocera tau Walker (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN PASSION FRUIT ORCHARDS IN RELATION TO ABIOTIC FACTORS AND SANITATION

Proper vernalization temperature of mother onion bulbs stimulates early flowering and produces a heavier yield of seed. Moreover, onion cultivars seem to differ in their optimal temperature requirements depending on the locality to which they are adapted. Most studies on the effects of storage temperature on inflorescence initiation in onion have shown that the optimum temperature for flowering is in a range between 5℃ to 13℃C for 90 to 120 days and bolting resistant varieties require a longer cold stimulus (154 - 185 days) in comparison to normal spring sown cultivars. Flowering is greatly reduced or suppressed at temperatures in the range of 15.5℃ - 30℃ and low temperatures of -3℃ to 0℃. Studies on both bulbs and seedlings have shown that, depending on genotype, flower initiation starts only after a juvenile phase, when the plant has a minimum number of 4 - 14 leaves, including leaf initials. The initiation of inflorescence is favoured by a large set or bulb size. The post planting environmental conditions greatly affect bolting percentage of bulbs stored at an inductive temperature. Maximum seed yield in onion has been reported from large mother bulbs and early planting time. The emergence of inflorescence is faster at high temperatures (20℃ - 30℃) and long days (14 - 16 hours).

/pdf/flowering-and-seed-development-in-onion-a-review-5bout48920.pdf

Flowering and Seed Development in Onion—A Review

This study was conducted at Horticultural Research Institute, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan during autumn 2009-10 to evaluate the performance of 13 peas genotypes for higher yield and drought tolerance under rainfed conditions. Morphological characters studied were; days to 50 percent flowering, number of plants per plot, stem girth per plant, pod length, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed fresh weight, 100-seed dry weight and pod yield. Maximum pod yield was noted in 2001-55 (10.43 t/ha) followed by FS-21-87 (9.52 t/ha). Genotype 2001-55 also excelled in number of seeds per pod (8.56) and pod length (9.33 cm). Maximum plant height was observed in Shareen (125.7 cm) against minimum plant height (65.57 cm) in genotype 2001-55. Maximum 100- seed fresh weight (49.50 g) was noted in FS-21-87 followed by 2001-55 (46.00 g) and check Climax (40.0g) against minimum in genotype DMR-4 (20.20 g) On the basis of overall performances, genotypes 2001-55 and FS-21-87 are recommended for further evaluation.

Morphological performance of peas (pisum sativum) genotypes under rainfed conditions of potowar region

Given the economic importance of cucurbits and the losses incurred by fruit fly infestation, the population dynamics of fruit flies in cucurbit crops and the influence of abiotic parameters, such as temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and total sunshine hours per day on the fruit fly population were studied. The study was carried out at six locations; in district Srinagar the locations were Batmaloo, Shalimar, and Dal, while in district Budgam the locations were Chadoora, Narkara, and Bugam (Jammu and Kashmir, India). Various cucurbit crops, such as cucumber, bottle gourd, ridge gourd and bitter gourd, were selected for the study. With regard to locations, mean fruit fly population was highest (6.09, 4.55, 3.87, and 3.60 flies/trap/week) at Batamaloo and Chadoora (4.73, 3.93, 2.73, and 2.73 flies/trap/week) on cucumber, bottle gourd, ridge gourd, and bitter gourd, respectively. The population of fruit flies was significantly correlated with the minimum and maximum temperature. The maximum species diversity of fruit flies was 0.511, recorded in Chadoora. Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) was the most predominant species in both Srinagar and Budgam, followed by B. dorsalis (Hendel) and B. tau (Walker), while B. scutellaris (Bezzi) was found only in Chadoora. Results of the present investigation may be utilized in developing a sustainable pest management strategy in the agroecological system.

/pdf/population-dynamics-distribution-and-species-diversity-of-5at86uve3x.pdf

Population dynamics, distribution, and species diversity of fruit flies on cucurbits in Kashmir Valley, India

An experiment was conducted during autumn season of 1999 to examine the effects of three set sizes: 10-15, 16-20 and 21-25 mm diameter on bulb size, bulb yield, maturity and bolting response in five cultivars of onion namely Burgundy, Texas Early Grano, White Creole, Swat No. I and Phulkara. Bulbs developing from large sets (21-25 mm) showed significantly higher percentage of bolting (40%) than medium (29.4%) or small sets (20.8%). Medium sets (16-20 mm dia) and large sets (21-25 mm dia.) produced significantly higher bulb yield than small sets. The average bulb yield in Phulkara was significantly higher (40.05 t/ha) than rest of cultivars. The yields obtained from medium (43.8 t/ha) and large, size sets (42.13 t/ha) of Phulkara were statistically at par with each other. However, medium size sets of Phulkara are recommended for planting in autumn season as relatively smaller amount of sets would be required to plant per unit area compared with large size sets.

Effect of set size on bulb yield, maturity and bolting in local and exotic cultivars of onion during autumn season

Studies on Menthly Eugenol as a Sex Attractant for Fruit Fly Dacus zonatus (Saund) in Relation to Abiotic Factors in Peach Orchard

Varietal Resistance in Eggplant to Cotton Jassid (Amrasca biguttula biguttula)

Weed Control in Garlic Crop in Relation to Weedicides

Winter Production of Tomatoes under Plastic Tunnel

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