The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology

/pdf/medicinal-plants-in-folk-tradition-an-ethnobotany-of-britain-s8cmw3brxd.pdf

Medicinal Plants in Folk Tradition: An Ethnobotany of Britain and Ireland

The analysis and interpretation of skeletal markers of occupational stress play an important role in the reconstruction of activity patterns and socio-economic life of prehistoric and historic populations. In this paper, skeletal markers on the phalanges of the feet are described in an adult skeleton recovered from the archaeological excavation carried out in the churchyard of the S. Vicente Church (12 t h -19 t h centuries) in Alcabideche (Cascais, Portugal). These markers refer to well-developed flexor ridges on the proximal phalanges of the lateral four toes. The morphology and location of these alterations indicate strong flexor tendons and suggests that they were probably produced by stress brought about by frequent or repeated plantarflexion of the toes. Considering that farming and gardening would be frequent activities in this rural population, the authors suggest that the use of a hoe might be the regular or habitual activity that might have produced these alterations.

/pdf/skeletal-markers-of-occupational-stress-in-the-toes-a-case-1m0rkkzxm5.pdf

Skeletal markers of occupational stress in the toes : a case report from Alcabideche (Cascais, Portugal)

Recent years have seen growing interest in 3D human face modeling due to its wide applications in digital human, character generation and animation. Existing approaches overwhelmingly emphasized on modeling the exterior shapes, textures and skin properties of faces, ignoring the inherent correlation between inner skeletal structures and appearance. In this paper, we present SCULPTOR, 3D face creations with Skeleton Consistency Using a Learned Parametric facial generaTOR , aiming to facilitate the easy creation of both anatomically correct and visually convincing face models via a hybrid parametric-physical representation. At the core of SCULPTOR is LUCY, the first large-scale shape-skeleton face dataset in collaboration with plastic surgeons. Named after the fossils of one of the oldest known human ancestors, our LUCY dataset contains high-quality Computed Tomography (CT) scans of the complete human head before and after orthognathic surgeries, which are critical for evaluating surgery results. LUCY consists of 144 scans of 72 subjects (31 male and 41 female), where each subject has two CT scans taken pre- and post-orthognathic operations. Based on our LUCY dataset, we learned a novel skeleton consistent parametric facial generator, SCULPTOR, which can create unique and nuanced facial features that help define a character and at the same time maintain physiological soundness. Our SCULPTOR jointly models the skull, face geometry and face appearance under a unified data-driven framework by separating the depiction of a 3D face into shape blend shape, pose blend shape and facial expression blend shape. SCULPTOR preserves both anatomic correctness and visual realism in facial generation tasks compared with existing methods. Finally, we showcase the robustness and effectiveness of SCULPTOR in various fancy applications unseen before, like archaeological skeletal facial completion, bone-aware character fusion, skull inference from images, face generation with lipo-Level change and facial animations, etc. 

Sculptor

Based on a study of animal bone finds from the Unětice Culture cemeteries (2200–1700 BC) in Bohemia, Czech Republic, the study analyses selected aspects of the funeral rite in the Early Bronze Age in Central Europe. The focus is on unworked and unburned cattle, pig, sheep/goat and red deer scapulae, phalanges (+ some astragali) and ribs—significant burial phenomena in the Unětice Culture—determined as undoubtedly intentional components of funerals, that is, as grave goods. Radiocarbon and other evidence show that the phenomena existed for the whole of the Unětice Culture and perhaps longer. The presence of scapulae in 41% of the graves in the cemetery at Mikulovice and tens of other cemeteries in Bohemia and Moravia, and the complete domination of phalanges among the animal bones in graves in the funerary area at Vliněves provide evidence of the importance of these customs in the funerary rite. Rib cuts certainly represent meat offerings but the meaning of isolated (unarticulated) scapulae and phalanges/astragali is difficult to determine. The hypothesis that scapulae found always singly could also be real meat offerings is difficult to accept, so further roles, whether practical or symbolic, should be considered. An earlier suggestion that scapulae were used as a trowel for digging grave pits is highly improbable, as follows from our analysis, and we were unable to confirm the use of the flat scapula as a plate for other offerings or a base for paintings. The choice of the (near-triangular) scapula to symbolise the triangle must be left in the realm of speculation. Unworked and variably positioned phalanges and astragali are unlikely to have been used for clothing or hair decoration but, based on analogies, might have been used in magic or games (amulets, tokens, dice, game pieces). The possible use of scapulae and phalanges + astragali in divination is considered in the light of ethnographic and historical records of scapulimancy and astragalomancy on four continents. As scapulae and phalanges do not usually appear together in a single grave, they could represent attributes of different social groups or statuses.

Scapulae and phalanges as grave goods: a mystery from the Early Bronze Age

This contribution describes the discovery and subsequent investigation of a cist in a rock-cut pit at Achavanich, Highland. Discovered and excavated in 1987, the cist was found to contain the tightly contracted skeletal remains of a young woman, accompanied by a Beaker, three flint artefacts and a cattle scapula. Initial post-excavation work established a date for the skeleton together with details of her age and sex, and preliminary pollen analysis of sediments attaching to the Beaker was undertaken. The findings were never fully published and, upon the death of the excavator, Robert Gourlay, the documentary archive was left in the Highland Council Archaeology Unit. Fresh research in 2014–17, initiated and co-ordinated by the first-named author and funded by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland with assistance from National Museums Scotland, the Natural History Museum and Harvard Medical School, has produced a significant amount of new information on the individual and on some of the items with which she was buried. This new information includes two further radiocarbon dates, a more detailed osteological report, isotopic information pertaining to the place where she had been raised and to her diet, histological information on the decomposition of her body, and genetic information that sheds light on her ancestry, her hair, eye and skin colour and her intolerance of lactose. (This is the first time that an ancient DNA report has been published in the Proceedings.) Moreover, a facial reconstruction adds virtual flesh to her bones. The significance of this discovery within the Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age of this part of Scotland is discussed, along with the many and innovative ways in which information on this individual, dubbed ‘Ava’, has been disseminated around the world.

/pdf/ava-a-beaker-associated-woman-from-a-cist-at-achavanich-2qr1e6e622.pdf

‘Ava’: a Beaker-associated woman from a cist at Achavanich, Highland, and the story of her (re-)discovery and subsequent study

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‘Ava’: a Beaker-associated woman from a cist at Achavanich, Highland, and the story of her (re-)discovery and subsequent study