In this study, we presented a sustainable approach for industrial wastewater treatment through flocculation-coagulation process by using pomegranate seed powder as a novel natural alternative to the conventional chemical flocculants and coagulants. Pomegranate seeds are non-toxic, safe, locally available and free of charge as food-waste. The performance of Pomegranate seeds in treatment of paper recycling wastewater (PRWW) was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) in terms of pH, dosage and settling time. The ZP, FTIR, EDX, XRD, BET and SEM analyses were performed for characterization of the flocs and flocculation-coagulation mechanism. The maximum removals of 87 % and 98 % were achieved for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity, respectively, under the optimum condition of Pomegranate seed dosage of 2391.91 mg/L, pH of 10.37 and settling time of 25 min (R2 = 0.988). According to the ZP analysis, adding pomegranate seeds increases the ZP of the PRWW from −11.7 mV to an isoelectric point (ZP ~ 0 mV) which results in particles coagulation through charge neutralization mechanism. The characterization analyses revealed that pomegranate seeds contain polysaccharides, proteins and fatty acids compounds that enable particles flocculation via inter-particle bridging mechanism. The findings of this study proved that pomegranate seed powder can be considered a promising, environmentally friendly and effective coagulant-flocculant agent for industrial wastewater treatment. 

A sustainable approach for industrial wastewater treatment using pomegranate seeds in flocculation-coagulation process: Optimization of COD and turbidity removal by response surface methodology (RSM)

Electrocoagulation (EC) is a potential water treatment method for eliminating various pollutants, including pathogens, organic compounds, and heavy metals. The EC technique is broadly used to treat drinking water and various industrial wastewater because of its ease of operation, ecofriendly nature, and versatility. EC process can also be operated at a higher flow rate and requires less space than traditional treatment systems. This review article provides an in-depth assessment of the reaction mechanism and several operational parameters (viz., current density, electrode gap, stirring speed, solution conductivity, and solution pH) involved in the EC process. Advancements in the EC reactor design and modeling of the process parameters have been elaborately demonstrated. The effectiveness of the EC process in treating drinking water (such as arsenic, fluoride, phosphate, microplastic, and bacteria and viruses) and industrial wastewater (viz. textile, pulp and paper, petroleum, and pharmaceutical) has also been discussed and summarized. The results are critically examined, and modifications are recommended accordingly to increase the EC process's cost-effectiveness and sustainability. Moreover, three case studies from different wastewater sources involving the use of EC techniques are included in this review article. The economic assessment of the EC process and suggestions for its improvement are also provided. 

A review on the treatment of water and wastewater by electrocoagulation process: Advances and emerging applications

Industrial textile discharges are widespread causes of water pollution that threaten the ecosystem and health. This research paper focuses on the removal of the two toxic dyes methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) by muscovite clay (Mus-C) while studying the selectivity, sensitivity, and different possible interactions to understand the adsorption mechanism. The Mus-C material was characterized by several instrumental techniques including XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, TGA/DTA, pHpzc, and Boehm surface functions. The high efficiency of muscovite clay is reflected by the high adsorption rates of MB and CV dyes which are about 98.25% and 99.7% respectively, under 25 °C, pH = 6, dye concentration 70 mg L−1, and adsorbent dose 1.5 g L−1. The kinetics and isotherm of adsorption of MB and CV on Mus-C follow pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models with monolayer adsorption capacities of 66.95 mg g−1 and 69.54 mg g−1 respectively. The thermodynamic characteristics demonstrate that the process is spontaneous, physical, and endothermic. The MB and CV adsorption rate values predicted by the response surface approach were consistent with the experimental values which are in the order of 99.98% and 99.89% respectively. The performance of the Mus-C material according to the tomato bean germination test and its high regeneration capacity in several cycles shows that the adsorption process is a promising and effective technology in the treatment of complex wastewater. 

High-performance of muscovite clay for toxic dyes’ removal: Adsorption mechanism, response surface approach, regeneration, and phytotoxicity assessment

Untreated textile industrial effluent becomes a major concern for the receiving water bodies. Extensive use of azo dyes in textile industries trigger to find latest techniques for the treatment of textile wastewater. The purpose of this study was to employ the electrocoagulation process for the effective removal of dyes from textile wastewater. The optimization of parameters was performed using the Taguchi method to analyze the conditions of electrode for efficient dye removal. The effects of different parameters including synthetic dye initial concentration, initial pH, applied voltages, interelectrode distance and contact time were studied. Different electrode pairs combination with iron to iron, iron to aluminum and aluminum to aluminum were investigated. The electrode combination of aluminum to aluminum performed better in terms of dye removal. The removal efficiency of methylene blue was achieved to 82% under optimum conditions having pH of 8, 15 V voltage, 60 minutes contact time and 2 cm aluminum interelectrode distance. Similarly, the optimum conditions for decolorization of methyl orange was performed and achieved 81% of removal efficiency. After the optimization of electrode and parametric conditions, real textile wastewater was treated and removal efficiency of 81% was achieved. At optimal conditions (pH 7-8, 15V, 60 min contact time, and 20 min settling time), COD, TDS, TSS, and discoloration removal efficiencies were 79%, 91%, 75%, and 86%, respectively. The result of this study indicates the significance of EC process and its future scope for integration of this technology at industrial scale. 

Removal of reactive dyes from textile industrial effluent using electrocoagulation in different parametric conditions of aluminum electrodes

The development of an efficient photoreactor is still the most challenging task in the photocatalytic process. The main challenges include the determination of the optimal hydrodynamic conditions required for the efficient photodegradation of biorecalcitrant pollutants. In this study, a TiO2-ZnO/BAC composite catalyst was applied to investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics of a three-phase fluidized bed reactor in the UV-photodegradation of rhodamine 6G dye. Artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) were used for modeling and optimization of the photodegradation process. From the preliminary study, 70° column inclination angle and 0.028 ms−1 superficial gas velocity, showed good axial solid distribution and average gas holdup. Subsequently, 0.019 ms−1 gas flow rate at 70° column inclination angle was found to be the optimum condition for the removal of rhodamine 6G (97.0 %). Moreover, solid distribution was found to be a dominant limiting factor in the photodegradation process as compared to gas holdup. Meanwhile, sensitivity analysis showed that all the input parameters (lamp position, inclination angle, and superficial gas velocity) were above 10%, confirming a strong influence on the process. The ANN-trainlm and ANFIS-hybrid with R-values of 0.9911 and 0.9546, respectively confirmed that the predicted model fits well with the experimental data. Furthermore, the inclination angle of 70° can be important in solar photoreactors to attain a relatively efficient tilt angle when using solar energy. 

UV-photodegradation of R6G dye in three-phase fluidized bed reactor: Modeling and optimization using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and artificial neural network

Recent techniques of textile industrial wastewater treatment: A review

Assessing environmental impacts of a textile company using life cycle assessment approach-a case study.

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Recent techniques of textile industrial wastewater treatment: A review

Assessing environmental impacts of a textile company using life cycle assessment approach-a case study.