Heat and mass transfer in packed beds

Structured adsorbents, especially in the form of monolithic contactors, offer an excellent gas–solid contacting strategy for the development of practical and scalable CO2 capture technologies. In this study, the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D)-printed 13X and 5A zeolite monoliths with novel structures and their use in CO2 removal from air are reported. The physical and structural properties of these printed monoliths are evaluated and compared with their powder counterparts. Our results indicate that 3D-printed monoliths with zeolite loadings as high as 90 wt % exhibit adsorption uptake that is comparable to that of powder sorbents. The adsorption capacities of 5A and 13X monoliths were found to be 1.59 and 1.60 mmol/g, respectively, using 5000 ppm (0.5%) CO2 in nitrogen at room temperature. The dynamic CO2/N2 breakthrough experiments show relatively fast dynamics for monolithic structures. In addition, the printed zeolite monoliths show reasonably good mechanical stability that can eventually preve...

3D-Printed Zeolite Monoliths for CO2 Removal from Enclosed Environments

Amine-functionalized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are facile adsorbents for CO2 removal from enclosed environments. In this study, we prepared polyethylenimine (PEI) and tetraethylenepentamine (...

Amine-Functionalized MIL-101 Monoliths for CO₂ Removal from Enclosed Environments

The possibility of prolonging space missions—and consequently the permanence of humans in space—depends on the possibility of providing them with an adequate supply of fresh foods to meet their nutritional requirements. This would allow space travelers to mitigate health risks associated with exposure to space radiation, microgravity and psychological stress. In this review, we attempt to critically summarize existing studies with the aim of suggesting possible solutions to overcome the challenges to develop a bio-regenerative life support system (BLSS) that can contribute to life support, supplying food and O2, while removing CO2 on the International Space Station (ISS). We describe the physical constraints and energy requirements for ISS farming in relation to space and energy resources, the problems related to lighting systems and criteria for selecting plants suitable for farming in space and microgravity. Clearly, the dimensions of a growth hardware that can be placed on ISS do not allow to produce enough fresh food to supplement the stored, packaged diet of astronauts; however, experimentation on ISS is pivotal for implementing plant growth systems and paves the way for the next long-duration space missions, including those in cis-lunar space and to the lunar surface.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/5/687/pdf

Challenges for a Sustainable Food Production System on Board of the International Space Station: A Technical Review

For manned long-term missions e.g. to Mars, large amounts of food and oxygen are required to sustain the astronauts during the months- or year-long travel in space but resources are very limited. Water is already routinely recycled on the ISS. In order to solve the problem of limited food and oxygen resources, bioregenerative life support systems are envisioned with closed nutrient and gas loops. Several ecological model systems varying in the degree of complexity have already been investigated on ground and tested on shorter space flights. Photosynthetic organisms such as flagellates or higher plants produce oxygen when light is available. Simultaneously they take up the carbon dioxide exhaled by the astronauts or other consumers. Urea and ammonia can be detoxified by bacteria. Insertion of a component of primary consumers such as ciliates could be used to produce fish for human consumption.

Bioregenerative Life Support Systems in Space Research

A long-term goal for NASA is to enable crewed missions to Mars: first to the vicinity of Mars, and then to the Mars surface. These missions present new challenges for all aspects of spacecraft design in comparison with the International Space Station, as resupply is unavailable in the transit phase, and early return is not possible. Additionally, mass, power, and volume must be minimized for all phases to reduce propulsion needs. Mass reduction is particularly crucial for Mars surface landing and liftoff due to the challenges inherent in these operations for even much smaller payloads. In this paper we describe current and planned developments in the area of carbon dioxide removal to support future crewed Mars missions. Activities are also described that apply to both the resolution of anomalies observed in the ISS CDRA and the design of life support systems for future missions.

/pdf/development-of-carbon-dioxide-removal-systems-for-advanced-47phu9gnw8.pdf

Development of Carbon Dioxide Removal Systems for Advanced Exploration Systems 2012-2013

The International Space Station Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly uses zeolite 5A molecular sieve material packed into beds for the capture of cabin CO2. The beds are cyclically heated to drive off the CO2 and restore the removal capacity. Over time, the sorbent material has been found to break down resulting in dust that restricts flow through the beds. Humidity adsorbed in the 5A zeolite when it is heated is a suspected cause of this sorbent degradation. To evaluate the impact of adsorbed water during thermal cycling, the Hydrothermal Stability Test was developed. The test configuration provides comparative side-by-side flow restriction data for two sorbent materials at specifically controlled humidity levels. While the initial focus of the testing is on 5A zeolite materials currently used on the ISS, the system will also be used to evaluate future candidate materials. This paper describes the approach, the test system, current results, and future testing.

/pdf/development-of-a-test-for-evaluation-of-the-hydrothermal-49f67v2xt8.pdf

Development of a Test for Evaluation of the Hydrothermal Stability of Sorbents Used in Closed-Loop CO2 Removal Systems

Development of Carbon Dioxide Removal Systems for Advanced Exploration Systems 2013-2014

The Atmosphere Revitalization Recovery and Environmental Monitoring (ARREM) project was initiated in September of 2011 as part of the Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) program. Under the ARREM project, testing of sub-scale and full-scale systems has been combined with multiphysics computer simulations for evaluation and optimization of subsystem approaches. In particular, this paper describes the testing and modeling of various subsystems of the carbon dioxide removal assembly (CDRA). The goal is a full system predictive model of CDRA to guide system optimization and development. The development of the CO2 removal and associated air-drying subsystem hardware under the ARREM project is discussed in a companion paper.

https://www.comsol.com/paper/download/194417/coker_paper.pdf

Full System Modeling and Validation of the Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly

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Development of Carbon Dioxide Removal Systems for Advanced Exploration Systems 2012-2013

Development of a Test for Evaluation of the Hydrothermal Stability of Sorbents Used in Closed-Loop CO2 Removal Systems

Development of Carbon Dioxide Removal Systems for Advanced Exploration Systems 2013-2014

Full System Modeling and Validation of the Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly