Enzymes have been used for the production and processing of fish and seafood for several centuries in an empirical manner. In recent decades, a growing trend toward a rational and controlled application of enzymes for such goals has emerged. Underlying such pattern are, among others, the increasingly wider array of enzyme activities and enzyme sources, improved enzyme formulations, and enhanced requirements for cost-effective and environmentally friendly processes. The better use of enzyme action in fish- and seafood-related application has had a significant impact on fish-related industry. Thus, new products have surfaced, product quality has improved, more sustainable processes have been developed, and innovative and reliable analytical techniques have been implemented. Recent development in these fields are presented and discussed, and prospective developments are suggested.

/pdf/enzymes-in-fish-and-seafood-processing-3p76mjo4ce.pdf

Enzymes in Fish and Seafood Processing

Background Fish byproducts are commonly recognized as low-value resources. In order to increase the value, fish byproducts need to be converted into new products with high functionality such as fish protein hydrolysate (FPH). In this study, FPH manufactured from parrotfish (Chlorurus sordidus) heads using different pH, time and sample ratio was investigated. Methods Hydrolysis reactions were conducted under different pHs (5, 7, and 9) and over different durations (12 and 24 h). Control treatment (without pH adjustment (pH 6.4)) and 0 h hydrolsisis duration were applied. Hydrolysates were characterized with respect to proximate composition, amino acid profile, and molecular weight distribution. The antioxidant activity of the hydrolysate was also observed. Results The pH and duration of hydrolysis significantly affected (p < 0.05) the characteristics of FPH. The highest yield of hydrolysate (49.04 ± 0.90%), with a degree of hydrolysis of 30.65 ± 1.82%, was obtained at pH 9 after 24 h incubation. In addition, the FPH had high antioxidant activity (58.20 ± 0.55%), with a high level of essential amino acids. Results suggested that FPH produced using endogenous enzymes represents a promising additive for food and industrial applications.

Production and characteristics of fish protein hydrolysate from parrotfish (Chlorurus sordidus) head.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/278/1/012013/pdf

Amino acid profile of biologically processed fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) using local enzyme to combat stunting

Hidrolisat protein ikan (HPI) dihasilkan dari proses penguraian protein ikan menjadi peptida sederhana maupun asam amino melalui proses hidrolisis oleh enzim, asam, atau basa. Enzim yang digunakan adalah enzim protease, baik yang berasal dari tanaman, hewan maupun mikroba. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh penambahan enzim papain terhadap karakteristik HPI dan menentukan optimum terbaik hidrolisat protein dari jenis ikan yang berbeda dengan penambahan enzim papain. Metode penelitian ini adalah experimental laboratories dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Perlakuan yang diterapkan adalah perbedaan jenis ikan yang meliputi ikan nila, ikan bandeng, dan ikan cucut. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan sidik ragam ANOVA dengan uji lanjut untuk menentukan nilai yang berpengaruh maupun tidak dengan uji BNJ (Beda Nyata Jujur). Hasil penelitian dari ketiga perlakuan didapatkan HPI terbaik yaitu rendemen  HPI nila 5,64% dengan kadar protein 30,17%, kadar air 9,06%, dan viskositas 1,91 cP sedangkan profil asam amino terbanyak adalah asam glutamat terutama pada HPI ikan cucut sebesar 4,183%. Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) is produced from the decomposition of fish protein become peptides and amino acids through hydrolysis by enzymes, acids or bases. The enzyme used are protease enzyme s , both derived from plants, animals, and microbes. The purpose of this study wa s to determine the effect of papain enzyme addition on FPH characteristics and to determine the characteristics of the FPH and determine the best optimum of FPH from different fish species with the addition of the papain enzyme. This research method is experimental laboratories by using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The applied treatments applied are different fish species including tilapia, milkfish, and shark. The data obtained w ere analyzed by using ANOVA with further test to determine the value that influencd or not with BNJ test. The results of the research from the three treatments are yield FPH tilapia 5,64% with protein content 30,17%, water content 9,06% , and  viscosity 1,91 cP , while the highest amino acid profile is glutamic acid, especially in FPH shark 4,183%.

/pdf/pengaruh-perbedaan-spesies-ikan-terhadap-hidrolisat-protein-3s5zlkrgjo.pdf

PENGARUH PERBEDAAN SPESIES IKAN TERHADAP HIDROLISAT PROTEIN IKAN DENGAN PENAMBAHAN ENZIM PAPAIN (The Effect of Various Fish Species On Fish Protein Hydrolysate With The Addition of Papain Enzyme)

espanolSe comparo el grado de hidrolisis (GH) de visceras de trucha arcoiris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) usando Alcalasa 2.4L, Flavourzyme y Neutrasa. Alcalasa 2.4L presento GH mas altos comparados con Flavourzyme y Neutrasa, por lo cual el proceso con Alcalasa 2.4L se optimizo en funcion de temperatura y pH, entregando GH maximo de 24% a pH 8,5 y 45°C en reactor de 500 mL. El proceso fue escalado a un reactor de 7,5 L, en el que se evaluo el efecto de la velocidad de agitacion (75-200 RPM) y la presencia de deflectores. Los resultados indican que el modelo ajusta satisfactoriamente los valores de GH en los niveles analizados (R2 = 0,96). El GH depende de pH, temperatura, tipo de enzima, velocidad de agitacion, escala de trabajo y presencia de deflectores en el reactor. Esta informacion es de importancia a la hora de disenar procesos de hidrolisis enzimatica de un sustrato especifico. EnglishThe degree of hydrolysis (DH) of rainbow trout viscera (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using Alcalase 2.4L, Flavourzyme and Neutrase. Alcalase 2.4L presented higher DH compared with Flavourzyme and Neutrase. Therefore, the process using Alcalasa 2.4L was optimized according to temperature and pH, finding a maximum DH of 24% at pH 8.5 and 45°C in a 500 mL reactor. The process was scaled to a reactor of 7.5 L, in which the effects of the the stirring speed (75-200 RPM) and the presence of deflectors were evaluated. The results indicate that the model satisfactorily fits the DH values in the levels analyzed (R2 = 0.96). The DH depends on pH, temperature, type of enzyme, speed of agitation, work scale and presence of baffles in the reactor. This information is of importance for designing the enzymatic hydrolysis processes of an specific substrate.

/pdf/hidrolisis-enzimatica-de-la-proteina-de-visceras-de-trucha-4uunw2lyhi.pdf

Hidrólisis Enzimática de la Proteína de Vísceras de Trucha Arco Íris (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Efecto del tipo de Enzima, Temperatura, pH y Velocidad de Agitación

An experiment to determine the optimum condition of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) processing has been conducted to produce FPH with high protein content. The raw material was catfish (Pangasius sp.) waste from catfish fillet production. Fat content, sensory (color, odor and flavor), total number of bacteria (TPC) and E. coli were analyzed as supporting parameters. The experiment was initiated with preliminary experiment to determine the optimum temperature (temp variation: 50oC, 55oC, 60oC, and 65oC) and concentration of commercial papain enzyme (conc variation: 4%, 6%, and 8%) in FPH hydrolysis, while the main experiment was to determine the optimum time of hydrolysis (time variation: 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours), and pH (pH variation: 5 and 7). Results showed that the optimum temperature in preliminary experiment was 60oC and optimum concentration of enzyme was 4%, whereas the main experiment resulted the optimum hydrolysis time of 48 hours and optimum pH of 5. This condition produced FPH with protein content of 1.21% wet weight basis (wb)  or 39.03% dry weight basis (db) and fat content of 0.16% wb (5.16% db). The sensory analysis of the end product revealed that from max score of 5, the scores of color, odor and flavor of the FPH were 3.50, 2.17 and 2.29, respectively. The product had TPC of 1.1x 107CFU/g with no E. coli infection.

https://www.bbp4b.litbang.kkp.go.id/squalen-bulletin/index.php/squalen/article/download/79/pdf

Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of fish protein hydrolysate (fph) processing from waste of catfish fillet production

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Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of fish protein hydrolysate (fph) processing from waste of catfish fillet production