Within the past few years there has arisen a renewed interest in that group of bacterial forms designated as the \"Pleuropneumonia Group,\" the prototype of which is Pleuropneumonia bovum, first described by Nocard and Roux in 1898, and for many years regarded as a virus because of its filterability. However, the cultivation of this organism on cell-free media, and the later complete description of a similar form as causing agalactia of sheep (Bridre and Donatien, 1925) removed them from this category. Of recent years the group has increased in number with some 20 different pleuropneumonia-like microorganisms being reported from highly varied sources. The common features which in general separate the pleuropneumonia organisms from the larger bacterial forms and filterable variants of the latter are: (1) A slow rate of growth, optimum for some strains being attained only after 4 to 6 days; (2) they require a high, 10-20 per cent, content of animal protein in the form of serum, etc., in the medium; (3) they stain poorly with the common aniline dyes but are well colored by the polychromatic stains, such as Giemsa; (4) morphologically they may exhibit a complex developmental cycle with asteroid, branching or granular forms being the predonminating elements. Although no exact determinations of their size have been made, the ability of these

Observations on Some Biological Characteristics of Organisms of the Pleuropneumonia Group

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/89/2320/547.full.pdf

The mode of action of sulphanilamid.

TREATMENT OF MENINGITIS EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON THE CURE OF MENINGITIS Experiments with Horse Serum.—Burtenshaw134attempted to ascertain what proportion of the serum which had been administered parenterally to patients suffering from meningococcic meningitis in reality reached the cerebrospinal fluid. Antitoxin Precipitin Reaction: For this purpose he used an adaptation of the precipitin reaction for the presence of antitoxincontaining horse serum in the body fluids. Twenty-three patients with meningococcic meningitis and 1 patient from whom only a strain of staphylococcus could be isolated were used. Each received meningococcus antitoxin by intravenous injection. Horse serum protein was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid in every case, though its concentration varied greatly and was always small compared with that in the blood. Burtenshaw stated (1) that intrameningeal injections of serum insure the immediate presence of large amounts of antibody at the site of infection; and yet (2) that the steepness of the drop in

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/OTOL/articlepdf/565487/archotol_32_2_005.pdf

Intradural conditions in relation to rhinology and otology: critical survey of recent literature

SummaryA. According toMellon,Locke andShinn, the bacteriostatic action of sulfanilamide is due to the inactivation of (bacterial) catalase and the resulting accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. The probability of this theory is discussed.B. Catalase activity was studied by means ofPhotobacterium Fischeri, as an oxygen indicator. By adding hydrogen peroxide to the tested cultures of bacteria it has been demonstrated, that:I.Bacterium coli, Photobacterium Fischeri andStreptococcus haemolyticus (strainAronson) contain catalase.II. Sulfanilamide does not inactivate the catalase in blood.III. Sulfanilamide does not inactivate bacterial catalase nor does it affect the production of catalase in the growing culture containing the drug.\nSo we have to conclude that the assumption of catalase inactivation to be the essential factor in sulfanilamide action on bacteria will not lead us to the solution of the problem.

On the action of sulfanilamide: II. The action of sulfanilamide on catalase

Local sulfonamide therapy has been shown to be markedly successful in gas gangrene wounds in experimental animals and man (see Reed and Orr, 1941, 1942; Bliss, Long and Smith, 1942). The only evidence of in vitro bacteriostatic action of sulfonamides against the gas gangrene clostridia is an early report by Spray (1937). Spray found the growth of Clostridium tetani, C. novyi and C. septicum to be inhibited by sulfanilamide and disulfonamide in low concentrations but C. welchii, C. tertium, C. sporogenes and C. histolyticum to be inhibited only by high concentrations of disulfonamide. This work might be criticised on the ground that the medium used was likely to be rich in sulfonamide-inhibitor substances and that the inoculum used was very large. On the other hand Broh-Kahn (1939) and Fox (1940) raise some doubt as to the bacteriostatic action of sulfonamides under anaerobic conditions and Warren, Street and Stokinger (1939) question Spray's results on these grounds. Clifton and Loewinger (1943), however, have shown that anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli is inhibited by sulfanilamide. Spray's results are in agreement with the animal results insofar as they indicate bacteriostatic action against certain species of Clostridium. Reed and Orr (1941 and 1942) have shown that in experimental gas gangrene in guinea pigs six different sulfonamides give much more conspicuous therapeutic effects in the case of C. welchii infections than in the case of infections by other species of Clostridium. Of the four principal gas gangrene species C. welchii was most effectively controlled by all the sulfonamides examined, C. sordellii least effectively controlled, while C. septicum and C. novyi fell in an intermediate position. In contrast, Spray found that sulfonamides he tested in vitro produced less bacteriostatic action on C. welchii than other species of Clostridium.

In Vitro Action of Sulfonamides on Clostridia: Sulfonamide Inhibitors.

SummaryThe addition of sulfanilamide to sterile broth or to cultures of the hemolytic streptococcus is accompanied by an elevation of the oxidation-reduction potential. This rise can be eliminated when the cocci are grown anaerobically or in cysteine broth. The addition of serum will slightly diminish this effect. Compounds related to sulfanilamide but lacking in bacteriostatic action are without effect upon the culture potentials. The relation of these potential effects to the action of the drug in streptococcal infections is discussed.

Influence of Sulfanilamide and Related Compounds Upon Oxidation-Reduction Potentials of the Hemolytic Streptococcus.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Herbert E. Stokinger

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Influence of Sulfanilamide and Related Compounds Upon Oxidation-Reduction Potentials of the Hemolytic Streptococcus.