Tremendous progress has been made in characterizing the bidirectional interactions between the central nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the gastrointestinal tract. A series of provocative preclinical studies have suggested a prominent role for the gut microbiota in these gut-brain interactions. Based on studies using rodents raised in a germ-free environment, the gut microbiota appears to influence the development of emotional behavior, stress- and pain-modulation systems, and brain neurotransmitter systems. Additionally, microbiota perturbations by probiotics and antibiotics exert modulatory effects on some of these measures in adult animals. Current evidence suggests that multiple mechanisms, including endocrine and neurocrine pathways, may be involved in gut microbiota-to-brain signaling and that the brain can in turn alter microbial composition and behavior via the autonomic nervous system. Limited information is available on how these findings may translate to healthy humans or to disease states involving the brain or the gut/brain axis. Future research needs to focus on confirming that the rodent findings are translatable to human physiology and to diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, autism, anxiety, depression, and Parkinson's disease.

/pdf/gut-brain-axis-and-the-microbiota-3ksluuopxy.pdf

Gut/brain axis and the microbiota

http://www.hms.harvard.edu/bss/neuro/bornlab/nb204/papers/WickershamCallawayNeuron2007.pdf

Monosynaptic Restriction of Transsynaptic Tracing from Single, Genetically Targeted Neurons

Chemical Diversity in the Sialic Acids and Related α-Keto Acids: An Evolutionary Perspective

New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?

http://web.stanford.edu/group/luolab/Pdfs/Luo_Callaway_Svoboda_Neuron_2008.pdf

Genetic dissection of neural circuits.

The role of gangliosides in rabies virus infection of chick embryo-related (CER) cells was investigated. Cultured cells were pretreated with neuraminidase to render the cells transiently non-susceptible to viral infection. Incubation of these desialylated cells with gangliosides allowed them to incorporate exogenous gangliosides and they recovered their susceptibility to rabies virus infection. Infection of CER cells was monitored by specific fluorescence 24 h after virus inoculation. The use of individual purified gangliosides or mixtures of two gangliosides to restore cellular susceptibility to viral infection showed that GT1b and GQ1b were the most effective. The disialogangliosides were also active, principally GD1b, whereas GM1, GM3 were poorly active and GD3 inactive. Incubation of rabies virus with gangliosides prior to virus infection reduced the percentage of infected cells. The results indicate that highly sialylated gangliosides are part of the cellular membrane receptor structure for the attachment of infective rabies virus. However, it is possible that other glycoconjugates such as glycoproteins or glycolipids also participate as components of a receptor structure for rabies virus.

Involvement of gangliosides in rabies virus infection.

Publisher Summary The clinical course of human rabies virus infection can be separated into five stages: incubation, prodrome, neurological stage, coma, and death. Encephalitic rabies is reported to occur in the majority of human cases. Hyperactivity is the major sign of encephalitic rabies, appearing as anxiety, nervousness, and mental confusion, alternating with periods of lucidity and preserved intelligence. Typical encephalitic rabies is diagnosed by autonomic dysfunction, hydrophobia and aerophobia, and periods of agitation, hyperexcitation, confusion, hyporeactivity, and drowsiness. During paralytic rabies in humans, seizures are common and fever is usually high and constant. The pathology of rabies virus infection in the central nervous system has been reviewed and the only gross pathological lesion is congestion of the meningeal vessels; a mild cerebral edema is also observed. Some of the histological features of rabies virus infection are (1) a perivascular accumulation of leukocytes, primarily in the spinal cord and brainstem, (2) neuronal degeneration and neuronophagia, and (3) glial proliferation. Ganglionic lesions and cranial nerve lesions of the same kind are also said to be good indications of rabies virus infection. In humans, great variability ranging from no histological lesions to widespread inflammatory changes associated with neuronal degeneration and neuronophagia is observed.

Pathophysiology of Rabies Virus Infection of the Nervous System

Cultured human sensory neurons are directly susceptible to CVS rabies virus infection and produce virus yields of 105 p.f.u./ml; infection can persist for more than 20 days without any sign of c.p.e. The use of a compartmentalized two-chamber culture system, with access to either the cell soma or neuritic extensions, permitted the study of viral retrograde transport, which occurs at between 50 and 100 mm/day. Neurons of human origin were more susceptible to virus infection than rat neurons and the axonal transport of rabies virus was more efficient. Electron microscopy allowed virus transport and infection of human dorsal root ganglia neurons to be observed.

Rabies virus infection and transport in human sensory dorsal root ganglia neurons.

Electrophysiological and sleep alterations in experimental mouse rabies

Induction of immunoreactive interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in the brains of rabies virus infected rats

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Henri Tsiang

Author Tools

Chat about Author