Choline based ionic liquids and their applications in organic transformation

This position paper introduces the reader to the concept of solvometallurgy, the term used to describe the extraction of metals from ores, industrial process residues, production scrap, and urban waste using non-aqueous solutions. Here, non-aqueous is not used to imply anhydrous, but rather a low water content. The unit operations are as follows: solvent leaching; separation of the residue; purification of the leach solution by non-aqueous solvent extraction or non-aqueous ion exchange; and metal recovery by precipitation or electrolysis in non-aqueous electrolytes. Solvometallurgy is similar to hydrometallurgy in that both the branches of extractive metallurgy use low-temperature processes, but with solvometallurgy, there is no discrete water phase. Both branches use organic or inorganic solvents (excluding water in the case of solvometallurgy). However, for solvometallurgical processes to be sustainable, they must be based on green solvents, which means that all toxic or environmentally harmful solvents must be avoided. Solvometallurgy is complementary to pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, but this new approach offers several advantages. First, the consumption of water is very limited, and so the generation of wastewater can be avoided. Second, the leaching and solvent extraction can be combined to form a single step, resulting in more simplified process flow sheets. Third, solvent leaching is often more selective than leaching with acidic aqueous solutions, leading to reduced acid consumption and fewer purification steps. Fourth, solvometallurgy is useful for the treatment of ores rich in soluble silica (e.g., eudialyte) because no silica gel is formed. In short, solvometallurgy is in a position to help develop the near-zero-waste metallurgical processes, and with levels of energy consumption that are much lower than those with the high-temperature processes. The Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of this emerging branch of extractive metallurgy is still low (TRL = 3–4), which is a disadvantage for short-term implementation, but offers a great opportunity for further research, development, and innovation.

/pdf/solvometallurgy-an-emerging-branch-of-extractive-metallurgy-4rvh5y0723.pdf

Solvometallurgy: An Emerging Branch of Extractive Metallurgy

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is the fastest growing type of waste globally and is an important challenge due to its heterogeneity, intrinsic toxicity and potential environmental impact. However, WEEE also represents an important secondary source of critical and valuable elements and must be viewed as a resource within the context of a circular economy. The use of ionic liquids (ILs) to recover metals from WEEE is reviewed with a special emphasis on the use of ILs in leaching and solvent extraction processes. The advantages of ILs as a reaction medium compared to existing conventional solvents lies in their tuneability and potential environmental benefits. Many studies have used ILs for the selective extraction and purification of metals from WEEE, particularly from waste fluorescent lamp phosphor and batteries containing rare-earth elements with promising results. However, significant barriers remain to the commercial use of ILs for treating WEEE and key barriers to progress ar...

/pdf/recovery-of-metals-from-waste-electrical-and-electronic-11do5y3bl5.pdf

Recovery of metals from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) using unconventional solvents based on ionic liquids

Facile one-pot assembly of imidazotriazolobenzodiazepines via indium(III)-catalyzed multicomponent reactions.

The demand for the recovery of valuable metals and the need to understand the impact of heavy metals in the environment on human and aquatic life has led to the development of new methods for the extraction, recovery, and analysis of metal ions. With special emphasis on environmentally friendly approaches, efforts have been made to consider strategies that minimize the use of organic solvents, apply micromethodology, limit waste, reduce costs, are safe, and utilize benign or reusable materials. This review discusses recent developments in liquid- and solid-phase extraction techniques. Liquid-based methods include advances in the application of aqueous two- and three-phase systems, liquid membranes, and cloud point extraction. Recent progress in exploiting new sorbent materials for solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and bulk extractions will also be discussed.

Evolution of Environmentally Friendly Strategies for Metal Extraction

Synthesis of [1,2,3]-triazolo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepines via an unprecedented one-pot Cu-catalyzed azidation–cyclization reaction

In ac onventional solven te xtraction system, metal ions are distributed between two immiscible phases ,t ypical- ly an aqueous and an organic phase. In this paper ,t he proof-of-principle is given fo rt he distribution of metal ions between three immiscible phases, two ionic liquid phases with an aqueous phas ei nb etween them. Three-liquid-phase solven te xtraction allows separation of am ixture of three metal ions in as ingl es tep, whereas at least two steps are re- quire dt os eparate three metals in the case of two-liquid- phas es olvent extraction. In the triphasic system, the lower organic phas ei sc omprised of the ionic liquid betainium- or cholin eb is(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, whereas the upper organic phas ei sc omprised of the ionic liquid trihexyl(tetra- decyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The triphasic system was used for the separation of am ixture of tin(II) ,y ttrium(III), and scandium(III) ions.

/pdf/selective-single-step-separation-of-a-mixture-of-three-metal-42rsd59cvz.pdf

Selective Single‐Step Separation of a Mixture of Three Metal Ions by a Triphasic Ionic‐Liquid–Water–Ionic‐Liquid Solvent Extraction System

A novel three-step approach leading to [1,2,3]-triazolo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepines in moderate to good yields has been developed. The key step is an unprecedented one-pot Cu-catalyzed azidation–cyclization reaction of ortho-bromobenzylpropargylamines.

Synthesis of [1,2,3]‐Triazolo[1,5‐a][1,4]benzodiazepines via an Unprecedented One‐Pot Cu‐Catalyzed Azidation—Cyclization Reaction.

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Synthesis of [1,2,3]-triazolo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepines via an unprecedented one-pot Cu-catalyzed azidation–cyclization reaction

Selective Single‐Step Separation of a Mixture of Three Metal Ions by a Triphasic Ionic‐Liquid–Water–Ionic‐Liquid Solvent Extraction System

Synthesis of [1,2,3]‐Triazolo[1,5‐a][1,4]benzodiazepines via an Unprecedented One‐Pot Cu‐Catalyzed Azidation—Cyclization Reaction.