I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Recent Advances in Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells

Elements Of X Ray Diffraction

Photovoltaic (PV) technologies for solar energy conversion represent promising routes to green and renewable energy generation. Despite relevant PV technologies being available for more than half a century, the production of solar energy remains costly, largely owing to low power conversion efficiencies of solar cells. The main difficulty in improving the efficiency of PV energy conversion lies in the spectral mismatch between the energy distribution of photons in the incident solar spectrum and the bandgap of a semiconductor material. In recent years, luminescent materials, which are capable of converting a broad spectrum of light into photons of a particular wavelength, have been synthesized and used to minimize the losses in the solar-cell-based energy conversion process. In this review, we will survey recent progress in the development of spectral converters, with a particular emphasis on lanthanide-based upconversion, quantum-cutting and down-shifting materials, for PV applications. In addition, we will also present technical challenges that arise in developing cost-effective high-performance solar cells based on these luminescent materials.

Enhancing solar cell efficiency: the search for luminescent materials as spectral converters

Solution combustion is an exciting phenomenon, which involves propagation of self-sustained exothermic reactions along an aqueous or sol–gel media. This process allows for the synthesis of a variety of nanoscale materials, including oxides, metals, alloys, and sulfides. This Review focuses on the analysis of new approaches and results in the field of solution combustion synthesis (SCS) obtained during recent years. Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactive solutions used in different chemical routes are considered, and the role of process parameters is discussed, emphasizing the chemical mechanisms that are responsible for rapid self-sustained combustion reactions. The basic principles for controlling the composition, structure, and nanostructure of SCS products, and routes to regulate the size and morphology of the nanoscale materials are also reviewed. Recently developed systems that lead to the formation of novel materials and unique structures (e.g., thin films and two-dimensional crystals) with unusual...

Solution Combustion Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials

The structural and chemical compositions of Y3+ ion-doped CaF2 were investigated as a possible lanthanide hosting material. A series of CaF2 nanomaterials doped with various concentrations of Y3+ ions under the chelating agent ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) were synthesized using the hydrothermal method. The x-ray diffraction results demonstrated that a mixture of cubic CaF2 and [CaY]F2 phases gradually formed with an increasing Y3+ ion concentration. A single [CaY]F2 cubic phase was formed when EDTA was added as the chelating agent. Scanning electron microscopy results demonstrated that the particle size and the morphology of the material depended on the Y3+ concentration and that EDTA (0.5 g) produced a spherical morphology. The surface and bulk chemical compositions were determined using a combined system of soft x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) (Al-Kα 1486.7 eV) and hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES) (Cr-Kα 5414.7 eV). The relative changes in the chemical composition of the surface and subsurface/bulk were investigated. The combined XPS-HAXPES analysis demonstrated that the surface impurities in the accessible peaks (Ca 2p, Y 3d, and F 1s) completely diminished in the subsurface region. However, XPS-HAXPES analysis confirmed that the composition of the [CaY]F2 nanomaterial on the surface differs from that in the subsurface region.

Bulk and surface chemical compositions and microstructure properties of CaF2:Y3+ material

ZnO can be used as a phosphor that has several applications and uses in the lighting and solar cell fields. ZnO as a host material in combination with various dopant ions with the correct valence state can be used to obtain emissions from the Ultra violet (UV) to the infra-red (IR) wavelength ranges. The major problem that limits solar cells’ efficiency is their insensitivity to the whole solar spectrum which is the so-called spectral mismatch. Therefore, several mechanisms have been explored based on photoluminescence to convert the solar cell spectrum where the spectral response of the solar cell is low to regions where the spectral response of the solar cell is high. For single crystalline silicon (Si) photovoltaic (PV) cells with a rather small semiconductor band-gap (Eg: 1.12 eV, corresponding to a wavelength of ~1100 nm), the transmission loss of the sub-band-gap photons can still amount to about 20% of the sun’s energy irradiated onto the Earth’s surface. For PV cells with a larger band-gap, such as amorphous Si (Eg: 1.75 eV) solar cells, which are limited to absorb sunlight with wavelengths below 708 nm, manifest even higher near infrared transmission losses. Downconversion, up-conversion and downshifting are some of the mechanisms that may be applied to improve the spectral response. Doped ZnO can be used for both down shifting and up-conversion applications, especially for the improvement of solar cell efficiency. ZnO thin films prepared with different methods such as Pulsed laser deposition, chemical bath deposition and spin coating are compared with each other for possible uses in lighting and solar cell applications.

ZnO thin films for solar cell and lighting applications (Conference Presentation)

Quantification of Ag/Ni Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiles upon preferential sputtering with non-stationary roughness

Corrigendum to: “A comparative study of the effect of Ni9+ and Au8+ ion beams on the properties of poly(methacrylic acid) grafted gum ghatti films [Radiat. Phys. Chem. 97 (2014) 253–261]”

Effects of Sputtering Induced Artifacts on the Determination of Diffusion Coefficient: Application to Ni/Cu System

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