Obesity and its metabolic syndrome, including liver disorders and type 2 diabetes, are a worldwide epidemic and are intimately linked to diet. The gut microbiota interaction has been pointed to as a hot topic of research in the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases by influencing energy metabolism and the immune system. In terms of the novel beneficial microbes identified, Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) colonizes the mucosa layer of the gut and modulates basal metabolism. A. muciniphila is consistently correlated with obesity. The causal beneficial impact of A. muciniphila treatment on obesity is coming to light, having been proved by a variety of animal models and human studies. A. muciniphila has been characterized as a beneficial player in body metabolism and has great prospects for treatments of the metabolic disorders associated with obesity, as well as being considered for next-generation therapeutic agents. This paper aimed to investigate the basic mechanism underlying the relation of A. muciniphila to obesity and its host interactions, as identified in recent discoveries, facilitating the establishment of the causal relationship in A. muciniphila-associated therapeutic supplement in humans.

/pdf/function-of-akkermansia-muciniphila-in-obesity-interactions-455te1sy4a.pdf

Function of Akkermansia muciniphila in Obesity: Interactions With Lipid Metabolism, Immune Response and Gut Systems.

In the present world scenario, obesity has almost attained the level of a pandemic and is progressing at a rapid rate. This disease is the mother of all other metabolic disorders, which apart from placing an added financial burden on the concerned patient also has a negative impact on his/her well-being and health in the society. Among the various plausible factors for the development of obesity, the role of gut microbiota is very crucial. In general, the gut of an individual is inhabited by trillions of microbes that play a significant role in host energy homeostasis by their symbiotic interactions. Dysbiosis in gut microbiota causes disequilibrium in energy homeostasis that ultimately leads to obesity. Numerous mechanisms have been reported by which gut microbiota induces obesity in experimental models. However, which microbial community is directly linked to obesity is still unknown due to the complex nature of gut microbiota. Prebiotics and probiotics are the safer and effective dietary substances available, which can therapeutically alter the gut microbiota of the host. In this review, an effort was made to discuss the current mechanisms through which gut microbiota interacts with host energy metabolism in the context of obesity. Further, the therapeutic approaches (prebiotics/probiotics) that helped in positively altering the gut microbiota were discussed by taking experimental evidence from animal and human studies. In the closing statement, the challenges and future tasks within the field were discussed.

/pdf/gut-microbiota-modulation-and-its-relationship-with-obesity-2oo95v53gg.pdf

Gut Microbiota Modulation and Its Relationship with Obesity Using Prebiotic Fibers and Probiotics: A Review.

Objective The gut microbiota has been proposed as an interesting therapeutic target for metabolic disorders. Inulin as a prebiotic has been shown to lessen obesity and related diseases. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether preintervention gut microbiota characteristics determine the physiological response to inulin. Design The stools from four obese donors differing by microbial diversity and composition were sampled before the dietary intervention and inoculated to antibiotic-pretreated mice (hum-ob mice; humanised obese mice). Hum-ob mice were fed with a high-fat diet and treated with inulin. Metabolic and microbiota changes on inulin treatment in hum-ob mice were compared with those obtained in a cohort of obese individuals supplemented with inulin for 3 months. Results We show that hum-ob mice colonised with the faecal microbiota from different obese individuals differentially respond to inulin supplementation on a high-fat diet. Among several bacterial genera, Barnesiella, Bilophila, Butyricimonas, Victivallis, Clostridium XIVa, Akkermansia, Raoultella and Blautia correlated with the observed metabolic outcomes (decrease in adiposity and hepatic steatosis) in hum-ob mice. In addition, in obese individuals, the preintervention levels of Anaerostipes, Akkermansia and Butyricicoccus drive the decrease of body mass index in response to inulin. Conclusion These findings support that characterising the gut microbiota prior to nutritional intervention with prebiotics is important to increase the positive outcome in the context of obesity and metabolic disorders.

pdf/discovery-of-the-gut-microbial-signature-driving-the-27zb3tl6rz.pdf

Discovery of the gut microbial signature driving the efficacy of prebiotic intervention in obese patients

Imbalances in the gut microbiota, the bacteria that inhabit the intestines, are central to the pathogenesis of obesity This systematic review assesses the association between the gut microbiota and weight loss in overweight/obese adults and its potential manipulation as a target for treating obesity This review identified 43 studies using the keywords 'overweight' or 'obesity' and 'microbiota' and related terms; among these studies, 17 used dietary interventions, 11 used bariatric surgery and 15 used microbiota manipulation The studies differed in their methodologies as well as their intervention lengths Restrictive diets decreased the microbiota abundance, correlated with nutrient deficiency rather than weight loss and generally reduced the butyrate producers Firmicutes, Lactobacillus sp and Bifidobacterium sp The impact of surgical intervention depended on the given technique and showed a similar effect on butyrate producers, in addition to increasing the presence of the Proteobacteria phylum, which is related to changes in the intestinal absorptive surface, pH and digestion time Probiotics differed in strain and duration with diverse effects on the microbiota, and they tended to reduce body fat Prebiotics had a bifidogenic effect and increased butyrate producers, likely due to cross-feeding interactions, contributing to the gut barrier and improving metabolic outcomes All of the interventions under consideration had impacts on the gut microbiota, although they did not always correlate with weight loss These results show that restrictive diets and bariatric surgery reduce microbial abundance and promote changes in microbial composition that could have long-term detrimental effects on the colon In contrast, prebiotics might restore a healthy microbiome and reduce body fat

Weight-loss interventions and gut microbiota changes in overweight and obese patients: a systematic review.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains one of the most problematic and economic consumer disorders worldwide, with growing prevalence and incidence. Over the last years, substantial research has highlighted the intricate relationship among gut microbiota, dysbiosis and metabolic syndromes development. Changes in the gut microbiome composition lead to an imbalanced gastrointestinal habitat which promotes abnormal production of metabolites, inflammatory status, glucose metabolism alteration and even insulin resistance (IR). Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), lipopolysaccharide, aromatic amino acids and their affiliated metabolites, contribute to T2DM via different metabolic and immunologic pathways. In this narrative review, we discuss the immunopathogenic mechanism behind gut dysbiosis, T2DM development and the major known diabetic microvascular complications (retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy), the beneficial use of pre- and pro-biotics and fecal microbiota transplantation in T2DM management and new findings and future perspectives in this field.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/12/3719/pdf

Role of Gut Microbiota on Onset and Progression of Microvascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM).

Background: Beside the influence of nutritional habits and reducedphysical activity, metabolic syndrome is associated with alterations in the structure ofgut microbiota influencing the inflammatory immune responses. Gut microbiota andmicrobial metabolic activities are known to affect the lipid and glucose metabolism,satiety and chronic low-grade inflammation in the metabolic syndrome. The aimof the study was to identify genera or even species affecting host metabolismin obesity and type 2 diabetes beside the common used indicator: Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio.Methods: Differences in gut microbiota were investigated in three groups of subjectsover a four month intervention period: type 2 diabetics under GLP1-Agonist therapy,obese individuals without established insulin resistance, both receiving nutritional counseling concerningweight reduction, and a lean control group. Collection of fecal samples was accomplished at two timepoints, before treatment, and after four months of treatment. For identification of bacteria at species-levelwe used 454 high-throughput sequencing and fragment length polymorphism analysis based on IS-pro(Intergenic-Spacer-profiling). Five bacterial species, two bacterial genera, total bacterial abundance, andthe Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio were determined.Results: Type 2 diabetics showed a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio even with an increase to thesecond time point (p=0.07). The abundance of B. thetaiotaomicron remained unaffected, whereas B.vulgatus significantly increased in type 2 diabetics (p=0.07) over the study period. Either Alistipes spp.showed an increase in type 2 diabetics between the time points (p=0.06). The abundance of F. prausnitzii(p=0.03) and A. muciniphila (p=0.03) also increased in type 2 diabetics over study period. In addition, theconcentration of P. anaerobius (p=0.03) was significantly higher in type 2 diabetics after interventioncompared to lean and obese controls.Conclusion: Our results clearly show a difference in the gut bacterial composition in type 2 diabeticscompared to lean controls or obesity. Therefore, the ratio of Fimicutes/Bacteroidetes might only be anindicator, but a detailed view at species level is even more important in regard to distinction of their functions.

Gut Microbiota of Obese, Type 2 Diabetic Individuals is Enriched in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius after Weight Loss.

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Gut Microbiota of Obese, Type 2 Diabetic Individuals is Enriched in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius after Weight Loss.