Fresh forages constitute a majority of the diet for many horses and ponies that graze on pastures during the growing season in many parts of the world. Grasses generally predominate in such pastures, with varying proportions of legumes. Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) (simple sugars, starch, and fructan) can induce laminitis experimentally, and NSC can accumulate to >400 g/kg of dry matter (DM) in pasture grasses. In this article we discuss the environmental factors affecting NSC accumulation in pastures and estimate the potential daily intakes of pasture NSC by grazing horses. We also discuss strategies for both reducing the NSC content of pastures and management practices that can help reduce intakes of pasture NSC by equines at risk of developing laminitis. This study reveals the importance of accurate forage analysis in the development of feeding regimens for equines at risk of laminitis.

/pdf/pasture-nonstructural-carbohydrates-and-equine-laminitis-34h9drcr2r.pdf

Pasture nonstructural carbohydrates and equine laminitis.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary factors on the partitioning of nitrogen excretion and on the pH and composition of urine and feces of fattening pigs. Sixteen male hybrid pigs of 80 to 90 kg BW were allotted to one of four diets: based on grains, by-products, grains plus tapioca, or grains plus sugar beet pulp. Diets were formulated to have similar contents of NE and CP and a similar lysine:NE ratio. Diets differed in nonstarch polysaccharide content (NSP) and dietary electrolyte balance (dEB). During an 8-d period, urine and feces were quantitatively collected daily in metabolism cages and mixed to a slurry. There was no effect of the diet on total nitrogen excretion (P > .05). However, the nitrogen excretion pattern differed between diets (P < .001). Pigs fed the by-product- and the sugar beet pulp-based diets excreted less nitrogen via urine and more nitrogen via feces than pigs fed the grain- and tapioca-based diets. The type of diet significantly affected the pH of urine, feces, and slurry. The pH of slurry from pigs fed the sugar beet pulp-based diet was .44 to 1.13 units lower than that of slurry from pigs fed the other three diets. An increased dietary NSP content reduced the pH of feces and slurry. A decreased dEB reduced the pH of urine and slurry. We conclude that dietary NSP influences the partitioning of excretory nitrogen between urine and feces. Dietary NSP and dEB can influence the pH of urine, feces, and slurry.

Influence of dietary factors on nitrogen partitioning and composition of urine and feces of fattening pigs.

Starch digestion in horses: The impact of feed processing

Specific quantitative methods for de- termining insulin resistance have been applied to obe- sity, activity/inactivity, reproductive efficiency, and exer- cise in horses, but only nonspecific indications have im- plicated insulin resistance as a risk factor or component of equine diseases. Insulin resistance derives from insu- lin insensitivity at the cell surface, which regulates glu- cose availability inside the cell, or from insulin ineffec- tiveness due to disruption of glucose metabolism inside the cell. Interplay of insensitivity and ineffectiveness should be considered in regard to patterns of disease, such as laminitis. Detection of insulin insensitivity is made weakly on the basis of fasting hyperinsulinemia, more strongly with a statistically validated surrogate, such as the logarithm of the reciprocal of basal insuli- nemia, or best by a specific quantitative method. Sub- jects found to be at risk can be managed to improve their insulin sensitivity by dietetics. Claims for dietetic prevention of a disease should be distinguished from claims for avoidance of a dietary risk factor. The evidence required for a claim of prevention is a controlled inter- vention trial as for a therapeutic drug, according to the U.S. FDA. In contrast, the evidence required for a claim of avoidance is association revealed by population stud- ies plus causation shown by mechanistic experiments, as formulated in the Surgeon General of the Public Health Office's (1988) Report on Nutrition and Health. In this view, no appropriate evidence is available for the preven- tion or treatment of insulin resistance in an equine dis- ease. Evidence is available, however, to justify avoidance of high-glycemic feeds, such as high starch intakes in grains, clover, and alfalfa, and high fructan intakes in grasses, to decrease the risk of acute digestive distur- bances associated with rapid fermentation, and chronic metabolic disorders associated with insulin resistance. During submaximal exercise, high-glycemic meals have been shown to increase glucose utilization immediately. On the other hand, chronic adaptation to feeds that ex- change corn oil and fiber sources for sources of sugar and starch confers benefits to athletic performance that may be due to several aspects of fat adaptation, including the regulation of insulin sensitivity, as well as glycolysis and lipid oxidation by signals from insulin receptors. Information regarding insulin resistance suggests meth- ods for protecting health and promoting horse per- formance.

Insulin resistance in the horse: Definition, detection, and dietetics12

/pdf/revision-of-the-currently-authorised-maximum-copper-content-3wurqty627.pdf

Revision of the currently authorised maximum copper content in complete feed

In this study preileal starch digestibility of starchy feeds (oats, corn, barley, potatoes, manioc) was determined in seven jejunofistulated horses. The grains were fed whole (oats, corn), rolled (oats, barley), crushed, ground and expanded (corn); the potatoes were fresh, the manioc rolled. Ground corn was also fed in combination with amylase. The feeds were fed partly isolated or in combination with alfalfa meal or hay (Table 1). At least four horses with a cannula in the terminal jejunum were used for each diet. Two meals per day were offered at 12 h intervals. The starch intake was mostly about 2 g/kg bw/meal, except one period with oats (3.9 g starch/kg bw) and with expanded corn (1.4 g/kg bw). Jejunal chyme was postprandially collected 11 times (from 1st to the 11th h after the morning meal for 15 min). Starch was determined polarimetrically. The preileal digestibility of starch was calculated by the marker method (chronic oxide 0.25% DM) and by estimating the total jejunoileal chyme flow during 12 h postprandially extrapolating the sample volume from the 15 min sampling periods. The results of both methods agreed quite well. Preileal digestibility of oat starch (80-90%) was (independent of doses or preparation or of the combination with hay, Table 4) significantly higher than that of whole or crushed corn (30%) or barley (26%). Grinding of corn significantly increased preileal digestibility to 51%, expanding to 90%. The addition of amylase improved digestion of ground corn by 10% (absolute). The preileal digestibility of potato or manioc was less than 10%. Individual factors in the horse (chewing intensity, amylase activity) had also considerable influence on preileal starch digestibility.

Investigations on preileal digestion of starch from grain, potato and manioc in horses

Influence of food composition on the urine pH in cats.

Investigations on palatability, digestibility and tolerance of low digestible food components in cats.

Investigations on copper deficiency in growing dogs.

Energy requirements of growing Great Danes.

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