计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

Drawing on a database of more than one hundred antipoverty interventions in 47 countries, this book provides a general review of experiences with methods used to target interventions in transition and developing countries. Written for policymakers and program managers in developing countries, in donor agencies, and NGOs who have responsibility for designing interventions that reach the poor, it conveys what targeting options are available, what results can be expected, and provides information about their implementation.

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Targeting of Transfers in Developing Countries: Review of Lessons and Experience

All countries fund safety net programs for the protection of their people Though an increasing number of safety net programs are extremely well thought out, adroitly implemented, and demonstrably effective, many others are not This book aims to assist those concerned with social policy to understand why countries need social assistance, what kind of safety programs will serve those best and how to develop such programs for maximum effectiveness Safety nets are part of a broader poverty reduction strategy interacting with and working alongside of social insurance; health, education, and financial services; the provision of utilities and roads; and other policies aimed at reducing poverty and managing risk Though useful, safety nets are not a panacea, and there are real concerns over whether they are affordable and administratively feasible or desirable in light of the various negative incentives they might create In most settings where there is political will to do so, such concerns can be managed through a number of prudent design and implementation features Much information and innovation exist on these topics; this book summarizes, references, and builds on this knowledge base to promote well-crafted safety nets and safety net policy

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For Protection and Promotion: The Design and Implementation of Effective Safety Nets

Over the last decade, a policy revolution has been underway in the developing and emerging world. Country after country is systematically providing non-contributory transfers to poor and vulnerable people, in order to protect them against economic shocks and to enable them to invest in themselves and their children. Social safety nets or social transfers, as these are called, have spread rapidly from their early prominence in the middle-income countries of Latin America and Europe increasingly to nations in Africa, Asia and the Middle East - and today, over 130 developing countries have made investments in social safety nets an important pillar of economic development policies. The statistics and analysis in The State of Social Safety Nets 2015 capture this revolution, and reveal it in many dimensions at the country, regional, and international levels. This latest edition of a periodic series brings together a large body of data that was not previously available, drawing on the World Bank's ASPIRE database and other sources. Why have so many countries made a firm commitment to incorporate social safety nets as part of their social and economic policy architecture? Because social safety nets work. This report also reports on the rigorous evidence that demonstrates their impact, and also points the way to making them even more efficient and effective at meeting their development goals. This latest edition of a periodic series brings together a large body of data that was not previously available, drawing on the World Bank's ASPIRE database and other sources to examine trends in coverage, spending, and safety nets program performance.

The state of social safety nets 2015

Recognizing that redistribution is only one of many roles for social policy, the findings of this report reinforce the recommendations commonly made in the literature on social protection in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) - arming them with additional evidence on redistributive impacts including: Reducing pension deficits - and rethinking some highly regressive social insurance programs - must be a top priority on the policy agendas in LAC. These findings are consistent with recommendations for social insurance from other World Bank publications, emphasizing: (a) the need to reduce regressive net subsidies for pensions by promoting fully-funded pension plans for those who can afford it and (b) reserving subsidized pensions for the poor and moving away from the restriction of such benefits tied to formal sector employment. Improving the targeting of social assistance transfers is also a priority in many cases - at least as a short-term measure, short of a more sweeping overhaul of social policy. As noted above, many social assistance transfers are regressive, despite explicit objectives to assist the poor. Yet this study - and others8 - clearly shows that better targeting is feasible. The targeting mechanisms used by conditional cash transfers, for example, could be adopted by other social assistance programs. In cases where social assistance programs are well-targeted and otherwise effective, countries might also consider the possibility of increasing unit subsidies for better redistributive and poverty impacts - perhaps with eventual savings from further reforms to reduce pension deficits. Yet this raises the issue of potential adverse incentive effects. Although evidence of strong labor disincentives is absent for these programs in LAC, and certain design features would plausibly discourage such effects, policy makers in LAC should more explicitly incorporate design features to reduce potential work disincentives - and researchers should further investigate this potential. Moreover, any potential increase in unit transfers should be weighed against other development priorities. But targeting and design improvements to individual social assistance programs are not enough. An adequate mix of instruments is needed to weave a social safety net that (a) promotes other roles of social policy (promotion of human capital, smoothing consumption, and ensuring adequate protection against shocks, in addition to redistribution); and (b) covers a variety of circumstances, including programs tailored to the needs of specific vulnerable groups.

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Redistributing income to the poor and the rich : public transfers in Latin America and the Caribbean

This series was created in 2003 to promote debate, disseminate information and analysis, and convey the excitement and complexity of the most topical issues in economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean. This volume aims to move the debate forward by: 1) developing a common policy framework for the region's Social Protection (SP) system as a whole, including health insurance; 2) providing guidelines on ways to extend coverage through rationalizing financing mechanisms and the design of redistributive arrangements; and 3) making the case for improved coordination of policies and programs. Building on careful, detailed analysis of a wealth of data on social protection programs across Latin America and the Caribbean, this book addresses these challenges in a thorough yet accessible manner. Although the analysis is comprehensive, the authors focus primarily on three fundamental questions that must be faced by any effort to strengthen social protection in the region: how can programs protect the most vulnerable without promoting informality and dampening incentives to work and save? How can programs ensure that scarce public resources are used for subsidies that are transparent, fair, and effective-and not for badly targeted and regressive benefits for formal sector workers? Finally, how can programs reinforce human capital development so that the more mobile workers that the region needs are able to insure themselves through savings or risk-pooling arrangements, thus reducing vulnerability and the need for subsidies?

From Right to Reality: Incentives, Labor Markets, and the Challenge of Universal Social Protection in Latin America and the Caribbean

From Right to Reality : Incentives, Labor Markets, and the Challenge of Universal Social Protection in Latin America and the Caribbean [De los derechos a la realidad : incentivos, mercados de trabajo, y el desafío de la portección social universal en América Latina y el Caribe]

In social protection, Costa Rica has a well-established social assistance network to protect vulnerable groups, but it does not adequately reach the very poor. Costa Rica is not likely to be able to rely on favorable economic conditions to reverse these trends. Macroeconomic projections do not show signs of the consistent growth that characterized the past ten years, and which allowed the government to continue increasing investment in the social sectors. Relative to gross domestic product (GDP), Costa Rica already spends more on social services overall than other countries in Latin America, and considerably more than the average for other countries at similar stages of development outside the region. Moreover fiscal pressures will not only limit the government's ability to increase social spending, but could also act as a drag on real growth prospects for the economy as a whole. This underscores a key finding of the report: that social sector challenges cannot be resolved only through the allocation of more resources, but that they will require reforms which improve management and efficiency in the use of available resources. New instruments and approaches will be required that focus on obtaining value for money in the social programs.

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Costa Rica - Social Spending and the Poor

Managing Labor Market Risks

Financing for Universal Health Coverage in Latin America and the Caribbean

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