Accumulating evidence suggests that, independent of physical activity levels, sedentary behaviours are associated with increased risk of cardio-metabolic disease, all-cause mortality, and a variety of physiological and psychological problems. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to determine the relationship between sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth aged 5-17 years. Online databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO), personal libraries and government documents were searched for relevant studies examining time spent engaging in sedentary behaviours and six specific health indicators (body composition, fitness, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, self-esteem, pro-social behaviour and academic achievement). 232 studies including 983,840 participants met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Television (TV) watching was the most common measure of sedentary behaviour and body composition was the most common outcome measure. Qualitative analysis of all studies revealed a dose-response relation between increased sedentary behaviour and unfavourable health outcomes. Watching TV for more than 2 hours per day was associated with unfavourable body composition, decreased fitness, lowered scores for self-esteem and pro-social behaviour and decreased academic achievement. Meta-analysis was completed for randomized controlled studies that aimed to reduce sedentary time and reported change in body mass index (BMI) as their primary outcome. In this regard, a meta-analysis revealed an overall significant effect of -0.81 (95% CI of -1.44 to -0.17, p = 0.01) indicating an overall decrease in mean BMI associated with the interventions. There is a large body of evidence from all study designs which suggests that decreasing any type of sedentary time is associated with lower health risk in youth aged 5-17 years. In particular, the evidence suggests that daily TV viewing in excess of 2 hours is associated with reduced physical and psychosocial health, and that lowering sedentary time leads to reductions in BMI.

/pdf/systematic-review-of-sedentary-behaviour-and-health-21hbd6lb0m.pdf

Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth

Accumulating evidence suggests that, independent of physical activity levels, sedentary behaviours are associated with increased risk of cardio-metabolic disease, all-cause mortality, and a variety of physiological and psychological problems. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to determine the relationship between sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth aged 5-17 years. Online databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO), personal libraries and government documents were searched for relevant studies examining time spent engaging in sedentary behaviours and six specific health indicators (body composition, fitness, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, self-esteem, pro-social behaviour and academic achievement). 232 studies including 983,840 participants met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Television (TV) watching was the most common measure of sedentary behaviour and body composition was the most common outcome measure. Qualitative analysis of all studies revealed a dose-response relation between increased sedentary behaviour and unfavourable health outcomes. Watching TV for more than 2 hours per day was associated with unfavourable body composition, decreased fitness, lowered scores for self-esteem and pro-social behaviour and decreased academic achievement. Meta-analysis was completed for randomized controlled studies that aimed to reduce sedentary time and reported change in body mass index (BMI) as their primary outcome. In this regard, a metaanalysis revealed an overall significant effect of -0.81 (95% CI of -1.44 to -0.17, p = 0.01) indicating an overall decrease in mean BMI associated with the interventions. There is a large body of evidence from all study designs which suggests that decreasing any type of sedentary time is associated with lower health risk in youth aged 5-17 years. In particular, the evidence suggests that daily TV viewing in excess of 2 hours is associated with reduced physical and psychosocial health, and that lowering sedentary time leads to reductions in BMI.

http://activeworking.com/pdfs/research/71.pdf

Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth: an update.

http://activeworking.com/pdfs/research/32.pdf

Sedentary Behaviors and Health Outcomes Among Adults A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies

Many youth fail to meet the recommended guidelines for physical activity. Walking and cycling, forms of active travel, have the potential to contribute significantly towards overall physical activity levels. Recent research examining the associations between physical activity and the environment has shown that environmental factors play a role in determining behaviour in children and adolescents. However, links between the environment and active travel have received less attention. Twenty four studies were identified which examined the associations between the environment (perceived or objectively measured) and active travel among youth aged 5–18 years. Findings were categorised according to the location of the environmental measure examined; attributes of the neighbourhood, destination and the route between home and destination. Results from the reviewed studies indicated that youth active travel is positively associated with social interactions, facilities to assist active travel and urban form in the neighbourhood as well as shorter route length and road safety en-route. A conceptual framework is presented which highlights the associations between active travel behaviours and environmental factors, drawing upon both existing and hypothesised relationships. We provide a review of the available literature and present a novel theoretical framework that integrates the environment into the wider decision making process around travel choices for children and adolescents. Further work should explore associations where gaps in understanding have been identified, and account for the main moderators of behaviour so hypothesised associations can be confirmed.

/pdf/environmental-determinants-of-active-travel-in-youth-a-1z88vk5mus.pdf

Environmental determinants of active travel in youth: A review and framework for future research

Environmental correlates of children's active transportation: A systematic literature review

Since the last decade, nanotechnology has evolved rapidly and has been applied in several areas, such as medicine, pharmaceutical, microelectronics, aerospace, food industries, among others. The use of nanoparticles as drug carriers has been explored and presents several advantages, such as controlled and targeted release of loaded or coupled drugs, and the improvement of the drug's bioavailability, in addition to others. However, they also have some limitations, related to their in vivo toxicity, which affects all organs including the healthy ones, and overall improvement in the disease treatment, which can be unnoticeable or minimal. Silver nanoparticles have been increasingly investigated due to their peculiar physical, chemical, and optical properties, which allows them to cover several applications, namely in the transport of drugs to a specific target in the body. Given the limitations of conventional cancer chemotherapy, which include low bioavailability and the consequent use of high doses that cause adverse effects, strategies that overcome these difficulties are extremely important. This review embraces an overview and presentation about silver nanoparticles used as anticancer drug carrier systems and focuses a discussion on the state of the art of silver nanoparticles exploited for transport of anticancer drugs and their influence on antitumor effects.

Silver Nanoparticles as Carriers of Anticancer Drugs for Efficient Target Treatment of Cancer Cells.

Objective: The aims of this study were (1) to assess the relationships between transport to and from school (active vs. passive), sedentary behaviours, measures of socio-economic position and perceived environmental variables, and (2) to determine which, if any, variables were predictors of active transportation. Methods: The sample comprised 705 girls with mean age of 14.7 (SD ¼ 1.6) years old. Questionnaires were used to describe travel mode to school and to estimate weekly television and computer use (screen time). Girls were assigned to active transportation (AT) or passive transportation (PT) groups depending on whether they walked or bicycled (AT) to and from school or travelled by car or bus (PT). Screen time was determined by the number of hours they reported watching television and using computers in the week preceding the examination, including weekends. Socio-economic position was established by parental occupation and educational level. A questionnaire assessed Perceived Neighbourhood Environments. Results: No statistically significant differences were seen for screen time between travel groups. Occupational status of both mother (r ¼� 0.17) and father (r ¼� 0.15) and father’s educational level (r ¼� 0.10) were significantly and negatively associated with AT, while street connectivity (r ¼ 0.10) was positively and significantly associated with AT. Logistic regression analysis showed that the likelihood of active commuting decreased by around 50% with increasing father’s occupation (odds ratio (OR) ¼ 0.51; p � 0.05) and father’s education (OR ¼ 0.52; p � 0.05) from low to middle socio-economic position groups. Further, the data showed that girls who agreed that ‘there are many four-way intersections in my neighbourhood’ were more likely to be active (OR ¼ 1.63; p � 0.05). Conclusion: The data of this study showed that lower socio-economic position is associated with active commuting to school and that street connectivity is a predictor of active transportation in adolescent girls.

/pdf/active-versus-passive-transportation-to-school-differences-100d91kcd4.pdf

Active versus passive transportation to school-differences in screen time, socio-economic position and perceived environmental characteristics in adolescent girls

This study aimed to examine the relationship between obesity status (body mass index: BMI) and physical and sedentary activities in adolescents. The sample comprised 230 girls and 220 boys (14.6 years old, SD = 1.6). Physical Activity (PA) was assessed by a questionnaire. Sedentary behaviors, such as TV viewing, computer use, and commuting to and from school were analyzed. Participants were categorized as nonobese or overweight/obese according to age-adapted BMI. No significant differences were found in relation to PA characteristics or in TV watching on weekdays vs. weekends. Nonobese participants spent significantly less time using computers on weekends (p = .04) and weekdays (p = .025) than their overweight/obese counterparts. Logistic regression analysis showed that those who used computers on weekdays more than 4 hrs per day were likely (odds ratio: 5.79; p < .003) to be overweight or obese. This study identified a relationship between computer use, but not physical activity or TV viewing, and weight...

Obesity, Physical Activity, Computer Use, and TV Viewing in Portuguese Adolescents

Background andPurpose: The main goal of this study was to address two questions: How is physical activity affected by sedentary behavior (computer, television, and commuting), and how are physical activity characteristics (intensity, frequency, type) different based on adolescents reports of physical activity?Methods: The sample comprised 230 girls and 220 boys 14.6 years of age. Physical activity (PA) was assessed by q uestionnaire. Based on previously published standards, participants were grouped into the nonactive group, which included both sedentary and low active youth, and the active group, which included the moderately and vigorously active youth. Another questionnaire about leisure activities was applied to define the nature of PA. Sedentary behaviors, such as television viewing and computer use (weekday and weekend), and commuting to and from school (passive vs. active) were analyzed.Results: Significantly more girls (p≤.000) belonged to the inactive group (71.7%) than boys. The active participants reported being significantly more engaged in moderate intensity (49.1%; p<.000), moderate frequency (55.6%; p<.001), and team activities (62.0%; p<.005) than inactive participants. In addition, active participants reported significantly more participation in organized sports (21.6% vs. 5.2%) and in both activities (organized and individual activities; 45.5% vs. 3.9%) than nonactive counterparts. Our data show that active versus inactive groups did not differ on television watching on weekdays or on commuting. However, active participants were less likely to watch television on the weekends than inactive participants. Logistic regression showed that computer use during weekdays was a predictor of PA. An increase in computer use time (from 1 hr to 2–3 hr/day) was associated a higher PA.Conclusions: Sedentary behaviors such as television viewing or computer use might have different value in relation to PA for youth.

Physical activity and sedentary behaviors in adolescents.

This study analyzes the relationships between leisure time physical activity (LTPA), sedentary behaviors, socioeconomic status, and perceived environmental variables. The sample comprised 815 girls and 746 boys. In girls, non-LTPA participants reported significantly more screen time. Girls with safety concerns were more likely to be in the non-LTPA group (OR = 0.60) and those who agreed with the importance of aesthetics were more likely to be in the active-LTPA group (OR = 1.59). In girls, an increase of 1 hr of TV watching was a significant predictor of non-LTPA (OR = 0.38). LTPA for girls, but not for boys, seems to be influenced by certain modifiable factors of the built environment, as well as by time watching TV.

Leisure time physical activity, screen time, social background, and environmental variables in adolescents.

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