Diverse studies were developed in last years about the precision of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) in order to enhance the calibration method for these testing devices or their application for dimensional verification of manufactured parts, but new research works are needed to identify the effect of the different types of geometric errors that exists in CMMs and deduce the measuring conditions that allow the optimization of CMM performance. The aim of this work consist of analyzing the influence of some of these machine errors such as the straightness errors and position errors associated to the CMM axis displacement, with the purpose of deducing the specific contribution of these errors inside the global uncertainty of these testing devices. This study was focused on coordinate measuring machines with a configuration type FXYZ, and it was carried out using a simplified model that is restricted to the effect of the straightness errors and position errors, without considering the contribution of the rest of CMM geometric errors. The unexpected variations that can be originated in the machine errors between the successive calibration points were described by the numerical model, and their influence on the CMM measuring accuracy were also discussed.

Theoretical Analysis of Straightness Errors in Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) with Three Linear Axes

A novel centerline extraction algorithm for a laser stripe applied for turbine blade inspection

The article presents the method of selecting scanning lines along which coordinate measurements, performed by using, e.g., a coordinate measuring machine working in the single point probing mode, of free-form surfaces of measured workpieces may be conducted. Additionally, the proposed method supports the user of a coordinate measuring system during defining the number of measurement points distributed along selected scanning lines, thus deciding on the final distribution of measurement points on a measured surface of a product. The proposed method enables distributing measurement points in the parts of a measured product characterized by the worst quality of manufacturing. Moreover, the new method is very automated, therefore it affects the increase in the efficiency of coordinate measurements. The effect of using the new method is the non-uniform distribution of measurement points located on free-form surfaces. The presented algorithm takes into account the lengths of selected cross-sections of a measured curvilinear surface of an object, its geometrical complexity and the accuracy of the probe radius correction process. The decision regarding the number of measurement points is made on the basis of the accuracy analysis of the calculations of the corrected measurement points obtained during the probe radius correction process and the accuracy of the substitute model representing a measured curvilinear surface. Two methods of the correction process were used. The accuracy of the applied methods of the probe radius compensation process was estimated on the basis of the deviations calculated between corrected measurement points and scanning lines. The selection of scanning lines and the number of measurement points was realized by using the expert system based on the fuzzy logic. The paper presents the results of both simulation and experimental investigations. The numerical calculations were performed for two selected free-form surfaces. The verification of the developed algorithm was carried out during experimental investigations based on a measurement of a selected free-form surface. The conducted research was aimed at verifying the correctness of the distribution of measurement points generated using the proposed method. In the case of real measurements, measurement points should be located in the places of surfaces of products characterized by the largest deviations of manufacturing. The results of the conducted investigations confirm the usefulness of the developed algorithm for defining the distribution of measurement points on curvilinear surfaces in the coordinate measuring technique. Moreover, the way of implementation of the developed method of the distribution of measurement points in selected commercial measurement software is presented, thus enabling the use of the new method in the industry.

/pdf/a-new-method-of-distribution-of-measurement-points-on-56dvscm2r9.pdf

A New Method of Distribution of Measurement Points on Curvilinear Surfaces of Products

Roundness is a kind of form error in geometrical measurement in laboratory and industry and contributes significantly to the uncertainty of the measurement instruments using precision spheres, especially microspheres. A new radius and roundness measurement method for microspheres is proposed in this article. Using this method, not only can separate different run-out errors from the measuring results but also can obtain the true radii in different directions of the tested microsphere, which are necessary for the roundness evaluation according to ISO 1101. A new roundness measurement system has also been developed, which is mainly composed of two miniaturized Michelson interferometer (MI) systems, two elastic mechanisms, and a precision rotating stage. Repeated measurements have been performed using a ruby microsphere manufactured by Renishaw Corporation as the reference, which has a claimed diameter and a roundness of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$700 ~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and 130 nm, respectively. Experimental results show that the average radius of the tested microsphere is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$349.99 ~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with a maximum error of 65 nm and an expanded uncertainty of 94.0 nm (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k $ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 2). The proposed method and system can be used in the precision contact measurements of parts with microcircular characteristics such as microspheres and microcylinders.

New Radius and Roundness Measurement for Microspheres Using a High-Precision Run-Out Error Separation Method

The measuring accuracy of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) depends on different factors such as the errors associated to the CMM axis movement, the working table and other CMM elements. In order to estimate the measuring errors that can be present during the dimensional evaluation of mechanical components, the nature and relevance of the distinct factors involved in the inspection process should be properly identified, such as the position errors, straightness errors, part errors and other geometrical and dynamic deviations. The knowledge about the influence of the main errors related to the elements integrated in the CMM, can serve to estimate the expected accuracy during the geometrical evaluation of manufactured products or machinery components.
In this work, the effect of position errors will be evaluated by separate in order to deduce the contribution of this factor to the resultant measuring accuracy. This study is oriented to the analysis of three-axis coordinate measuring machines, and distinct types of CMM axis errors will be discussed. The results shown in this work are focused on CMMs type FXYZ, although similar studies could be developed for other structural configurations.

Theoretical Analysis of Measuring Accuracy of Three Linear Axis CMMs from Position Errors

A transformation algorithm compensating a radius of the probe tip and pre-travel errors is proposed to improve measurement uncertainty of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The transformation algorithm does not only compensate a radius of the probe tip, but it also compensates a slipping displacement from the predicted contact point caused by vertical tension for each data point. The performance of the transformation algorithm was successfully demonstrated by applying the transformation algorithm to raw data of an on-axis lens and an off-axis mirror measured with the CMM and comparing them with a reference data measured with UA3P-5 having several tens of nanometer accuracy.

/pdf/touch-probe-tip-compensation-using-a-novel-transformation-4kn3a6822x.pdf

Touch Probe Tip Compensation Using a Novel Transformation Algorithm for Coordinate Measurements of Curved Surfaces

https://www.koreascience.or.kr:443/article/JAKO201707356126192.pdf

Analysis of the Optical Measurement Error Induced by Vibration of the Optical Measurement Tower for Large Mirrors

System and method for measuring Optical characteristic and Image quality of

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Touch Probe Tip Compensation Using a Novel Transformation Algorithm for Coordinate Measurements of Curved Surfaces

Analysis of the Optical Measurement Error Induced by Vibration of the Optical Measurement Tower for Large Mirrors

System and method for measuring Optical characteristic and Image quality of