A field experiment was conducted to evaluate yield performance and soil fertility of onion (Allium cepa) grown with beef cattle manure compost (CMC) under a reduced rate of chemical fertilizer for sustainable production in the 2006– 07 growing season. Chemical fertilizer application rate was reduced to a third of the recommended rate of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Treatments consisted of five levels of CMC (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 Mg ha). There was a significant increasing effect on growth and yield parameters by applying CMC compared with 0 Mg ha. In addition, there was also a significant increasing quadratic effect on yield on increasing CMC rates from 0 to 80 Mg ha with an R of 0.46. Maximum marketable yield was 62.7 Mg ha at 40 Mg ha CMC, which was due to increased stand reduction and unmarketable bulbs as well as decreased bulb weight at higher rates of CMC. The CMC rates had no effect on bulb dry weight and N or P concentration in the bulb and leaf. Furthermore, there was an increasing linear effect on soil pH, and organic matter (OM), available P, and exchangeable cations throughout vegetative growth and at harvest. We concluded that the excessive application of CMC did not affect onion yield and accumulated soil fertility.

/pdf/evaluation-of-composted-cattle-manure-rate-on-bulb-onion-4zhom0ekyb.pdf

Evaluation of Composted Cattle Manure Rate on Bulb Onion Grown with Reduced Rates of Chemical Fertilizer

Correlations between soil physico-chemical properties and plant nutrient concentrations in bulb onion grown in paddy soil

Agriculture began organically. For many centuries, humans farmed without synthetic biocides or inorganic fertilizers, relying on organic fertilizers derived from plants and animals, and protecting crops from pests and diseases using naturally-occurring materials. From the second half of the nineteenth century growers around the world successfully developed and refined farming systems that relied on synthetic biocides or inorganic fertilizers. However, during the past two or three decades there has been a change once more towards organic cultivation. Here we review the effects of organic cultivation on the production quantity and quality characteristics of vegetables. Analyses of studies reported in the literature showed the following: (1) Organic cultivation affected the growth of vegetables positively in 43% of studies and negatively in 57% of studies. (2) Organic cultivation affected the yield of vegetables 59% positively, 29% negatively and 12% did not have any significant influence. (3) Organically grown vegetables have, in most studies (65%), better nutritional value than conventionally grown ones; 20% were not significantly different and only in 15% was there a reduction in nutritional value. Nitrate levels were lower in 86% of studies with organic cultivation and greater in only 14% of studies. (4) Organic cultivation of vegetables uses a variety of methods for disease and insect control: hot water, hot air and electron treatment, biological seed treatment groups like microorganisms, plant extracts and inducers of resistance, solarization for nematode control, biopesticides, insect net. (5) Weed control is the most difficult part of vegetable production in organic cultivation. (6) Efficient methods against weeds are tillage, mulching, flaming, hot water treatment. If the proper technology is used, the organic cultivation of vegetables is not so time- and money-consuming and produces vegetables of better quality and nutritional value with no pesticide residues.

Organic Farming of Vegetables

This study was performed to determine the effect of the application rate of beef cattle manure compost (BCMC) and mixed oilseed cake (MOC) on soil nutrients, plant growth, and bulb yield of intermediate-day onions (Allium cepa L.) in two different locations over two consecutive growing seasons. Trials were conducted at two organic onion growers’ fields (one in Sangju county and one in Hamyang county) during the growing seasons of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. Treatments included BCMC applied at a rate of 0 or 30 t·ha-1 and MOC applied at rates of 0, 3, 6, and 9 t·ha-1. The average air temperature in 2013/2014 was higher than that in 2012/2013 at both sites. All soil nutrient contents in the experimental fields were higher at harvest in 2013/2014 than in 2012/2013 except for exchangeable calcium. Soil nutrients were higher at harvest in Sangju than in Hamyang except for available phosphorus. Soils incorporated with BCMC had higher electrical conductivity, nitrogen, average phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium contents compared with soil without compost. Onions grown in 2013/2014 at Hamyang with BCMC produced higher yields compared to those grown in 2012/2013 at Sangju without BCMC. However, differences in plant growth between the two experimental sites and among MOC application rates were not affected by soil nutrient content. Onions grown in 2013/2014 at Hamyang with BCMC produced higher yields compared to those in grown in 2012/2013 at Sangju without BCMC. Application of MOC increased bulb yield compared with no MOC; however, there was no significant difference among application rates. Therefore, we recommend applying BCMC at a rate of 30 t·ha-1 every year and restricting MOC fertilizer applications to 3 t·ha-1 based on soil nutrient status to produce optimum organic onion yields. Additional key words: Allium cepa L., fertilization, organic agriculture, soil nutrients, weather

Effect of Compost and Mixed Oilseed Cake Application Rates on Soil Chemical Properties, Plant Growth, and Yield of Organic Bulb Onions

The utilization of organic fertilizers is of growing interest to improve soil quality and increase environmental sustainability. There is, however, limited information on the use of organic fertili...

Seasonal plant growth, leaf and bulb mineral nutrients, and bulb yield and quality under chemical, mixed, and organic fertilization in sweet onion (Allium cepa L.)

The objective of this study was to improve the fertilization efficiency of organic fertilizer as a unique nutrient source for organic cultivation. A solid type of organic fertilizer (SOF) was applied before transplanting and then additional either or both solid and liquid type fertilizers were applied to organic cultivation of onions (Allium cepa). A liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) for additional fertilization was applied separately 4 times in Feb. and Mar. (LOF Ⅰ), 6 times in Feb. and Mar. (LOF Ⅱ) and 9 times in Feb., Mar. and Apr. (LOF Ⅲ). The combined treatments of SOF and LOF as additional fertilizers were applied as 1 time solid and 3 times liquid (SOF+LOF Ⅳ) in Feb. and Mar., or 1 time solid and 6 times liquid (SOF+LOF Ⅴ) in Feb., Mar., and Apr. The last category of treatment was application of organic fertilizer only as base. The onion growth in treatments LOF Ⅰ, LOF Ⅱ, and LOF Ⅲ was better than that of both SOF+LOF Ⅳ and SOF+LOF Ⅴ treatments. The change in leaf weight showed similar trend to that in plant height; also, the leaf weight in treatment CF (chemical fertilizer) was two-fold of those in organic fertilization treatments at the peak growth stage, the 183rd day after transplanting, although there was not significant difference in the number of leaves. After then, bulb weight showed a remarkable contrast between CF and organic group. All nutrient uptakes of leaves in CF were greater than those in treatments of organic fertilization. However, in case of the bulbs, only N and P2O5 uptakes were different between CF and organic group. The marketable yield in treatment CF was 64.5 ton ㏊ -1 , while that in treatment LOF Ⅱ was 46.4 ton ㏊ -1 , which was 72% of treatment CF. The organic fertilizer was comprised of multiple elements such as sesame oil cake, rice bran, fish meal etc. Basal organic fertilizer contained 31 g·㎏ -1 of N, 28 g·㎏ -1 of P₂O?, 19 g·㎏ -1 of K₂O and 405 g·㎏ -1 of organic matter. The contents of liquid organic fertilizer were 634 ㎎·㎏ -1 of N, 68.1 ㎎·㎏ -1 of P₂O? and 453 g·㎏ -1 of K₂O. The organic fertilizer increased pH, organic matter and exchangeable calcium in soil more than CF. Even though organic fertilizer was not readily available as chemical fertilizer, the application of organic fertilizer as the base and 6 times liquid additional fertilization in Feb. and Mar. (LOF Ⅱ) was the most effective among the other organic fertilization treatments.

Times and Frequencies of Additional Fertilization to Improve Nutrient Efficiency of Organic Liquid Fertilizer for Onion Organic Cultivation

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Times and Frequencies of Additional Fertilization to Improve Nutrient Efficiency of Organic Liquid Fertilizer for Onion Organic Cultivation