The rise of emerging contaminants in waters challenges the scientific community and water treatment stakeholders to design remediation techniques that are simple, practical, inexpensive, effective, and environmentally friendly. Emerging contaminants include antibiotics, hormones, illicit drugs, endocrine disruptors, cosmetics, personal care products, pesticides, surfactants, industrial products, microplastics, nanoparticles, and nanomaterials. Removing those contaminants is not easy because classical wastewater treatment systems are not designed to handle emerging contaminants, and contaminants often occur as traces in complex organo-mineral mixtures. Here, we review advanced treatments for the removal of emerging contaminants in wastewater, with focus on adsorption-oriented processes using non-conventional adsorbents such as cyclodextrin polymers, metal–organic frameworks, molecularly imprinted polymers, chitosan, and nanocellulose. We describe biological-based technologies for the degradation and removal of emerging contaminants. Then, we present advanced oxidation processes as the most promising strategies because of their simplicity and efficiency. 

https://hal.science/hal-03523724/document

Removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater using advanced treatments. A review

A review on non-thermal plasma treatment of water contaminated with antibiotics.

Plasma-activated water (PAW) is gaining significant attention these days due to its potential use as a disinfectant, pesticide, food preservative, cancer cell treatment, fertilizer, etc. These applications of PAW depend on its reactivity (oxidizing-potential) and electrical conductivity (EC). In the present work, we have studied the effect of process parameters, viz., air flow rate, water stirrer speed, and the temperature of water during plasma–water interaction on the reactivity and EC of PAW using a three-way full factorial design of experiments. We have also attempted to optimize these process parameters. At optimum values of these parameters, we studied how the physicochemical properties of PAW vary by changing the volume of water and discharge power. Furthermore, we studied the physicochemical properties of the plasma-activated solution (PAS) and how the EC and pH of virgin solutions affect these properties. The obtained results of the present investigation showed that the flow rate of air, plasma treatment time with water, volume of water, and plasma discharge power play a significant role in controlling the reactivity and EC of PAW. Moreover, the pH and EC of virgin solution do not have a significant (p < 0.05) impact on the reactivity of PAS. This investigation also shows the study of aging time on reactive oxygen–nitrogen species and its effect on the physicochemical properties of PAW. Additionally, observed changes in physicochemical properties, NO3− ions, and H2O2 concentration in PAW were less than 10%. However, NO2− ions and dissolved O3 concentration in PAW decreased significantly over time.

Optimization of process parameters to generate plasma activated water and study of physicochemical properties of plasma activated solutions at optimum condition

Water treatment techniques are an integral aspect of a range of applications covering agriculture, environment, health, and their interfaces. In recent years, among the numerous approaches involved, non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment has gained enormous research interest for the removal of the contaminants in water. This process is an effective route for increasing the biodegradability of recalcitrant pollutants. The focus of this review is to detail the underlying chemical and physical effects that are responsible for the decontamination of microbial and chemical (organics and pharmaceuticals) species in water. The mechanisms behind other interesting applications such as the use of NTP for surface modification of membranes used for water treatment applications are also highlighted. All these are explained with the range of reactor design variants and the effect of process and operating variables on decontamination efficiencies. The economic feasibility of NTP technology towards decontamination has been discussed. Promising applications involving the use of plasma treatment in combination with adsorbents, catalysts, electrolysis, biodegradation, ultrasonication, ozonization, and ultrafiltration processes are explained. A summary of recent studies on such topics is presented, emphasizing the challenges and directions for future research.

Water decontamination using non-thermal plasma: Concepts, applications, and prospects

Advances of non-thermal plasma discharge technology in degrading recalcitrant wastewater pollutants. A comprehensive review.

Cold atmospheric plasma discharges in air above air–water surface interface and discharges inside water with injection of air bubbles, show interesting properties for water purification. Water parameters during plasma treatment get different values depending on discharge schemes. Detailed measurements of water parameters during plasma applications as pH, oxidation–reduction potential, total dissolved solids and conductivity are essential in understanding micropollutants degradation mechanisms in water. E. coli bacteria in water have been eliminated faster by plasma discharges produced in water than in air above it. Degradations of two antibiotics oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC) and doxycycline hyclate (DXC) in water solution are faster for plasma generated below solution surface than above it with appearance of one degradation product for OTC and two for DXC along plasma treatment time. Degradations are enhanced in the solution after 200 h following plasma treatment for the two antibiotics. H2O2 concentration can give a good indication of plasma effectiveness on different pollutants as it is a relatively stable compound. For water purification, contributions of two factors have to be identified namely water acidity with certain pH value and concentrations of reactive species generated in water. For plasma discharges inside water with air bubbles the most pronounced effect is the increasing value of H2O2 generated in water, while for plasma discharges above water the effect of water acidity induced by low pH is more dominant regarding pollutants degradations.

Antibiotics Degradation and Bacteria Inactivation in Water by Cold Atmospheric Plasma Discharges Above and Below Water Surface

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Antibiotics Degradation and Bacteria Inactivation in Water by Cold Atmospheric Plasma Discharges Above and Below Water Surface