http://www.brasnutri.org.br/arquivos/estudos_tecnicos/Antimicrobial_porpertiers_of_lactoferrin.pdf

Antimicrobial properties of lactoferrin

Lactoferrin a multiple bioactive protein: an overview.

Lactoferrin, a multifunctional iron binding glycoprotein, plays an important role in immune regulation and defence mechanisms against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Lactoferrin’s iron withholding ability is related to inhibition of microbial growth as well as to modulation of motility, aggregation and biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria. Independently of iron binding capability, lactoferrin interacts with microbial, viral and cell surfaces thus inhibiting microbial and viral adhesion and entry into host cells. Lactoferrin can be considered not only a primary defense factor against mucosal infections, but also a polyvalent regulator which interacts in viral infectious processes. Its antiviral activity, demonstrated against both enveloped and naked viruses, lies in the early phase of infection, thus preventing entry of virus in the host cell. This activity is exerted by binding to heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan cell receptors, or viral particles or both. Despite the antiviral effect of lactoferrin, widely demonstrated in vitro studies, few clinical trials have been carried out and the related mechanism of action is still under debate. The nuclear localization of lactoferrin in different epithelial human cells suggests that lactoferrin exerts its antiviral effect not only in the early phase of surface interaction virus-cell, but also intracellularly. The capability of lactoferrin to exert a potent antiviral activity, through its binding to host cells and/or viral particles, and its nuclear localization strengthens the idea that lactoferrin is an important brick in the mucosal wall, effective against viral attacks and it could be usefully applied as novel strategy for treatment of viral infections.

http://calostart.com/app/docs/INFLUENZA/CALOSTART%20-%20VIRAL/CaloStart%20-%20Antiviral%20Properties%20of%20Lactoferrin%20a%20natural%20immunity%20against%20virus.pdf

Antiviral properties of lactoferrin--a natural immunity molecule.

Respiratory tract disease can be associated with primary or secondary bacterial infections in dogs and cats and is a common reason for use and potential misuse, improper use, and overuse of antimicrobials. There is a lack of comprehensive treatment guidelines such as those that are available for human medicine. Accordingly, the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases convened a Working Group of clinical microbiologists, pharmacologists, and internists to share experiences, examine scientific data, review clinical trials, and develop these guidelines to assist veterinarians in making antimicrobial treatment choices for use in the management of bacterial respiratory diseases in dogs and cats.

/pdf/antimicrobial-use-guidelines-for-treatment-of-respiratory-1oyxrzqlgr.pdf

Antimicrobial use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats: Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases.

Overview
Feline viral rhinotracheitis, caused by feline herpesvirus (FHV), is an upper respiratory tract disease that is often associated with feline calicivirus and bacteria. In most cats, FHV remains latent after recovery, and they become lifelong virus carriers. Stress or corticosteroid treatment may lead to virus reactivation and shedding in oronasal and conjunctival secretions.

Feline herpesvirus infection. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management

Objective—To establish the in vitro efficacy of 4 novel drugs (ie, ganciclovir, cidofovir, penciclovir, and foscarnet) against feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1) and compare their antiviral efficacy with that of acyclovir and idoxuridine. Sample Population—Cultured Crandell-Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells and FHV-1 strain 727. Procedure—For each drug, antiviral effect was estimated by use of conventional plaque-reduction assays, and inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50; drug concentration at which plaque numbers were reduced by 50% relative to the number of plaques for nontreated control wells) was calculated. To determine whether observed antiviral effects were related to alterations in the number or viability of CRFK cells, cytotoxicity assays were performed at 1, 2, and 10 times the median IC50 for each antiviral drug. Results—Median IC50 for each drug was as follows: ganciclovir, 5.2µM; cidofovir, 11.0µM; penciclovir, 13.9µM; foscarnet, 232.9µM; idoxuridine, 4.3µM; and acyclovir, 57.9µM. Obvious changes ...

In vitro efficacy of ganciclovir, cidofovir, penciclovir, foscarnet, idoxuridine, and acyclovir against feline herpesvirus type-1.

Objective To investigate the effects of bovine lactoferrin on in vitro replication of feline herpes virus (FHV-1) and to determine at what points during viral replication these effects occur.



Sample population  Cultured Crandell-Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells and FHV-1 strain 727.



Procedure  Five concentrations of bovine lactoferrin (0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 mg/mL) were added at one or more of three time points during conventional plaque reduction assays: (a) uninfected CRFK cells were incubated in lactoferrin-containing medium for 30 min prior to viral adsorption; (b) virus was suspended in lactoferrin-containing medium prior to and during adsorption, or (c) CRFK cells were incubated with lactoferrin-containing medium for 48 h following viral adsorption. Plaques were counted and antiviral effect expressed as percent inhibition relative to control medium that contained no lactoferrin.



Results  Exposure of CRFK cells to lactoferrin prior to or during viral adsorption inhibited FHV-1 replication by 87–96% (mean: 91%). Application of lactoferrin following viral adsorption had no appreciable effect on FHV-1 replication. No additive or synergistic effects were noted when lactoferrin was added at multiple steps. These effects were similar at all concentrations of lactoferrin tested. Cytotoxic effects of lactoferrin on CRFK cells were not observed at any concentration tested.



Conclusions and clinical relevance  Bovine lactoferrin has a notable inhibitory effect on the in vitro replication of FHV-1 prior to and during, but not following viral adsorption. These findings strongly suggest that lactoferrin inhibits FHV-1 adsorption to the cell surface and/or penetration of the virus into the cell. Clinical effects of topical lactoferrin in acute or recrudescent herpetic episodes in cats warrant investigation.

Effects of bovine lactoferrin on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus.

To determine the effectiveness of dietary lysine supplementation in cats with enzootic upper respiratory disease (URD), 50 cats were fed a ration containing 11 or 51 g lysine/kg diet for 52 days. Food intake, body weight, clinical signs, plasma amino acid concentrations and presence of Chlamydophila felis or feline herpesvirus (FHV)-1 DNA within the conjunctival fornix were assessed. Food and lysine intake of both dietary groups decreased between days 17 and 22, coinciding with peak disease and viral presence. Mean disease score for cats fed the supplemented ration (0.94) was higher than for those fed the basal diet (0.21); however, this could be attributed to a small subset of male cats which demonstrated fighting behavior that may have contributed to stress within that cage. FHV-1 DNA was detected on 12 occasions in six cats receiving the supplemented diet and on one occasion in one cat fed the basal diet. C felis DNA was never detected. Mean plasma arginine concentration was lower and plasma lysine concentration was higher in supplemented cats. Mean plasma arginine concentration declined throughout the study in both dietary groups. Data from the present study raise important questions but do not permit a definitive conclusion regarding the efficacy of dietary lysine supplementation in cats with enzootic URD.

Effects of dietary lysine supplementation in cats with enzootic upper respiratory disease.

Objective—To investigate the correlation of cumulative rhinoscopic findings of hyperemia, mucus accumulation, and turbinate destruction with the type and severity of inflammatory infiltrates in nasal biopsy specimens of cats with or without upper respiratory tract disease. Design—Prospective study. Animals—Cats with (n = 11) and without (6) upper respiratory tract disease and cats with unknown medical histories (27). Procedures—Lesions of hyperemia, mucus accumulation, and turbinate destruction detected rhinoscopically were each scored (scale, 0 [absent] to 3 [severe]), and a cumulative rhinoscopic score for each nasal cavity was calculated. Fifty biopsy specimens were examined histologically, and inflammatory infiltrates (lymphoplasmacytic or neutrophilic) were graded as absent, mild, moderate, or severe. Cumulative rhinoscopic scores and inflammation grades were compared for each specimen-cavity combination. Results—In cats of known disease status, there was a positive but weak correlation between cumul...

Correlation of rhinoscopic signs of inflammation with histologic findings in nasal biopsy specimens of cats with or without upper respiratory tract disease.

/pdf/excess-dietary-lysine-does-not-cause-lysine-arginine-3xua9e55j6.pdf

Excess dietary lysine does not cause lysine-arginine antagonism in adult cats.

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