Biorefinery roadmap based on catalytic production and upgrading 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

Despite a steady decline in fossil resources in past few decades, demand for petroleum-based chemicals and polymers has increased sharply. As the dead end of the petroleum industry has begun to emerge, mankind must immediately seek for alternative energy and other biopolymer resources. Hemicellulose being an abundant component of lignocellulosic biomass, may serve as a promising alternative for replacing dwindling fossil resources with many important fuels and biopolymers such as furfural, HMF, etc. Utilization of hemicellulose in the present review is divided into two sections; in the first section, products manufactured in the industry by direct modification of hemicellulose either by attaching different functional groups or other polymers are discussed, while in the second section, products or polymers produced by hemicellulose degradation are discussed along with their use. Modifying hemicellulose with different functional groups enhances their reactivity and has extensive utilization in medicine, food, packaging, and many other industries. Likewise, downstream compounds derived from hemicellulose degradation can be used as fuel additives, plastics, etc. Xylose is the main sugar derived from xylan and is utilized in almost all products discussed in this review. Metabolic engineering assisted conversion of xylose is booming the hemicellulose utilization in the biobased industry. Further improvement in microbes and synthesis pathways, coupled with the advent of new technologies would lead to extensive use of hemicellulose in biofuel and biopolymer industries. The present review paper presents the current research about hemicellulose utilization and thus encourages in-depth studies in this area.

Cell wall hemicellulose for sustainable industrial utilization

Conversion of biomass-derived glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an important step for valorizing lignocellulosic biomass. In conventional reaction systems such as aqueous or water-organic solvent biphasic system, degradation of the formed HMF and other intermediates into undesired products is inevitable due to the presence of Bronsted acid, limiting HMF production efficiency. Here, we develop a novel reaction system consisting of heterogeneous catalyst with reduced Bronsted acidity and ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (EMIMBr) to achieve the efficient conversion of high-concentration glucose to HMF. A series of Al-containing materials was synthesized and characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption, XRD, XPS, FIIR, Py-IR and CO2 TPD, among which the Al2O3-b-0.05 prepared by simple alkaline treatment exhibited high Lewis acidity and low Bronsted acidity. The Al2O3-b-0.05 in the medium of EMIMBr leaded to the highest HMF yield of 49.7% from high-concentration glucose (up to 10 wt%), as is more efficient than the heterogeneous EMIMCl/Al2O3-b-0.05 and homogeneous EMIMBr/AlCl3 system. This work provides a paradigm of improving HMF production efficiency via the combined use of heterogeneous Lewis acid catalyst and ionic liquid.

Efficient catalytic conversion of glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by aluminum oxide in ionic liquid

Conversion of biomass-derived sources into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a value-added platform chemical, has attracted great research interest motivated by the raising economic and environmental incentives. This review assesses the recent advance on the catalytic system of HMF production, with a main focus on the function of emerging catalysts, solvent system, and advanced reactor. A general overview of HMF production, the correlation between the catalyst physicochemical properties, with a special attention on the acidity property, and the catalytic activity under various reaction parameters, such as solvent or reactor have been summarized and compared. Besides, the reaction mechanism of HMF synthesis was discussed in details, which is helpful for designing novel catalyst with better catalytic activity and improving the stability. Research efforts to clarify the interactions among co-catalysts/co-solvents and between catalysts and solvents have been also classified. Future efforts on developing a synergistic catalytic system for biomass valorization has been pointed out.

Recent advance on the catalytic system for efficient production of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an important intermediate in the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. Ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (EMIMBr) containing a dissolved SnCl4 as catalyst was found to be capable to convert carbohydrates into HMF, as an alternative to the chromium-based catalytic system. Based on this, a biphasic system consisting of glycol dimethyl ether or dimethyl carbonate as the extraction phase, and EMIMBr/SnCl4 in combination with partial dissolved organic solvent as the reaction phase was developed for the production of HMF from carbohydrates (80 wt% with respect to the ionic liquid) at high concentrations. The biphasic system could obtain HMF yields (49.0–65.7%) comparable to or slightly higher than the monophasic system. The biphasic system could not only considerably displace ionic liquids with organic solvents, but also promote the separation of HMF from the reaction system owing to the excellent extraction ability and low boiling point of the organic solvents.

/pdf/an-ionic-liquid-organic-solvent-biphasic-system-for-2jtou6v5y4.pdf

An ionic liquid–organic solvent biphasic system for efficient production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from carbohydrates at high concentrations

Efficient synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from mannose with a reusable MCM-41-supported tin catalyst

Converting saccharides into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) has attracted more and more research interest under the background of global energy shortage. A lot of effort has been devoted to the conversion of fructose and glucose. However, other underused sugars receive very limited attention, although some of them have considerable reserves in nature as well. In this work, mannose, a major component from hemicellulose, was effectively converted into 5-HMF under mild conditions. AlCl3·6H2O exhibited superior activity among the tested catalysts, achieving a maximum 5-HMF yield of 60% in a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/water mixed solvent at 130 °C within 45 min. Adding an appropriate amount of water in DMSO could suppress some side reactions while preserving the reactivity of mannose dehydration. Mannose showed a comparable reactivity to fructose in the employed catalytic system. The studied system was also effective in the conversion of di/trisaccharides such as cellobiose and melezitose into 5-HMF. A number of control experiments with different catalysts and additives were conducted to elucidate the preliminary mechanism.

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2017/ra/c7ra07803j

Valorization of an underused sugar derived from hemicellulose: efficient synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from mannose with aluminum salt catalyst in dimethyl sulfoxide/water mixed solvent

Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)/metal chloride mixtures could significantly improve 5-HMF yield and selectivity for the catalytic conversion of fructose under mild conditions, whereas neither P2O5 nor tested metal chloride alone gave reasonable performances. A maximum 5-HMF yield of 75% with ∼85% selectivity could be achieved within 30 min at 80 °C.

/pdf/phosphorus-pentoxide-metal-chloride-mediated-efficient-and-2i9aphspm0.pdf

Phosphorus pentoxide/metal chloride mediated efficient and facile catalytic conversion of fructose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

The invention discloses a method for co-production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid by agarose conversion, relating to a method for developing and utilizing biomass-alternative energy. The invention discloses a method for catalytic conversion for co-production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and levulinic acid (LA) by agarose in a liquid phase system, and relates to catalytic conversion of carbohydrates to prepare chemicals with high added-value, belonging to the field of developing and utilizing the biomass-alternative energy. The method comprises: taking the agarose as a rawmaterial, and catalyzing the raw material to convert into 5-HMF and LA by a catalystin a certan solvent and at a certain reaction temperature. The catalyst which can be adopted by the method is various in types, cheap and easy to obtain, and 5-HMF and LA can be relatively rapidly acquired with high total yield of products. The information provided by the method provides a useful reference for effectively using agarose-rich biomass, especially marine algae biomass.

Method for co-production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid by agarose conversion

The invention provides a preparation method of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and relates to a preparation method of biological furfural. The invention discloses a method for preparing the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in a liquid-phase system by taking a fructose-based biomass as a raw material and relates to preparation of chemicals with high additional value by efficient catalytic conversion of a carbohydrate, and belongs to the field of biomass resource conversion and utilization. According to the method provided by the invention, a chloride and phosphorus oxide binary compound is used as a catalyst; in an organic solvent, the fructose-based biomass raw material is effectively converted into the 5-HMF under middle and low temperature conditions. The method can adopts more catalysts and components of the catalysts are flexible and adjustable; reaction conditions are moderate and the 5-HMF can be relatively rapidly obtained; the yield of the 5-HMF is relatively high. Information providedby the method provides valuable reference for efficient conversion of saccharides.

Preparation method of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

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