Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have always been objects of interest to scientists in various fields by virtue of their prominent characteristic features, such as structural tunability, high specific surface area, and highly ordered pores. With the development of synthesis techniques between MOFs and COFs over the past several years, MOF/COF composites prepared by combining MOFs and COFs have become an emerging class of porous hybrid materials. Herein, we first comprehensive summarize advanced strategies for synthesizing MOF/COF composites. Then, the emerging applications of MOF/COF composites in diverse fields due to their synergistic effects are systematically highlighted, including analytical chemistry (membrane separation, sensing and sample pretreatment) and other fields (catalysis and energy storage). Last, the current challenges associated with future perspectives of MOF/COF composites are also briefly discussed to inspire the advancement of more MOF/COF composites with excellent properties. 

Combination of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs): Recent advances in synthesis and analytical applications of MOF/COF composites

Abstract Heterogeneous photocatalysis, as an energy-saving technology, is a fascinating strategy to tackle environmental issues and energy shortages. The efficacy of these processes is severely relevant to the suppression of charges recombination, which hinders the widespread utilization of these processes. The segregation of charges from fast recombination can be considerably improved by the formation of heterojunction among the components of photocatalysts. Nevertheless, the formed heterojunction between different semiconductors diminishes the continuity of the charges carriers transfer amongst the semiconductors. Moreover, the construction of heterojunctions significantly relies on matching of band structures of the desired semiconductors. Hopefully, homojunction construction between different exposing facets, morphologies, and crystal phases of a single semiconductor is a feasible strategy for impressively suppression of charges from recombination. In comparison with the heterojunction photocatalysts, the almost identical components in both sides of the junction area provide not only the incredibly matched lattice, but also the integrity of bonding between the counterparts, which facilitates the charge migration within the photocatalyst. Furthermore, the established built-in electric field in the junction regions could enforce the charge carriers for efficiently separation and transfer within these photocatalysts. Herein, we reviewed the latest researches about the emerging homojunction photocatalysts and their application in the degradation of various wastewater pollutants. The present review intends to stimulate the research communities to focus on this kind of photocatalysts, as emerging materials, with the impressive performances in the photocatalytic processes. Graphical Abstract

A review on emerging homojunction photocatalysts with impressive performances for wastewater detoxification

Amyloid-β oligomer (AβO) is widely regarded as a reliable biomarker for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, a signal on-off ratiometric electrochemical immunosensor has been developed for ultrasensitive detection of AβO. To achieve the dual-signal ratiometric strategy, ultrasmall copper sulfide nanoparticle-engineered covalent organic framework hybrid nanocomposites (CuS@COFs) were utilized as excellent electrocatalysts toward hydroquinone (HQ) oxidation to produce detectable signals. Meanwhile, electroactive thionine (Thi) and Aβ antibody-modified gold nanoparticles (Thi-AuNPs-Ab bioconjugates) were designed as another electrochemical indicator. Based on these two signals, an ultrasensitive sandwich-like electrochemical immunosensor was established for AβO detection. The introduction of AβO resulted in a remarkable decline in the electrochemical signal of HQ but an increase in the signal of Thi. Under optimum conditions, the ratios between the double signals (IThi/IHQ) showed a proportional linear relationship with the AβO concentration (1 pM-1 μM) with a low detection limit of 0.4 pM (S/N = 3), and the biosensor was able to determine the content of AβO in real cerebrospinal fluid samples with satisfactory results. The ratiometric strategy proposed in our study offers a sensitive and efficient approach for early diagnosis of AD, and this work will promote the further applications of engineered COFs in electrochemical sensors.

Electrocatalysis of Copper Sulfide Nanoparticle-Engineered Covalent Organic Frameworks for Ratiometric Electrochemical Detection of Amyloid-β Oligomer.

Covalent organic framework: A state-of-the-art review of electrochemical sensing applications.

A novel Sunflower-like MOF@COF for improved photocatalytic CO2 reduction

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is one of the important ways to achieve the goal of CO2 utilization and synthesizing high-value products. Electrochemical CO2RR involves multiple electron-proton transfer steps, resulting in low yield and low selectivity. *CO is considered as the key intermediate, the process of CO2RR can be divided into a tandem step of CO2-to-CO and CO-to-C2+. To promote kinetic rate of whole reaction and improve faraday efficiency of the product, tandem catalysts are constructed. Here, the recent advances in application of tandem catalyst for electrocatalytic CO2RR are reviewed for three aspects: (1) tandem mechanism of electrochemical CO2RR; (2) copper-based tandem catalysts as well as other copper-free tandem catalysts for electrochemical CO2RR; (3) challenges, opportunities and prospects of tandem catalysts for CO2RR. This review provides a comprehensive understanding tandem electrocatalytic mechanism of tandem catalysts for CO2RR and important guidelines for the field of electrocatalysis. 

Recent advances in application of tandem catalyst for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction

As one of the significant serum cytokines, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) is a crucial protein biomarker overexpressed in human life-threatening tumors, the sensitive identification and quantification of which are urgently desired but challenging. Herein we report a novel core-shell nanoarchitecture consisting of Cu-based metal-organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (denoted as TpBD-COFs), which was used to prepare an aptasensor for the detection of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). The central Cu-MOFs function as signal labels with no need for extra redox media, whereas the porous TpBD serves as the shell to immobilize the PDGF-BB-targeted aptamer strands in abundance via strong interactions involving π-π stacking, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding interactions. The proposed aptasensor based on Cu-MOF@TpBD can achieve a detection limit as low as 0.034 pg mL-1 within the dynamic detection range from 0.0001 to 60 ng mL-1. The hybridization of MOFs and COFs, together with the immobilization with the specific analyte targeted aptamer, provides a promising and propagable approach to prepare an aptasensor for the simple, sensitive, and selective detection of a specific biomarker in clinical diagnosis.

A label-free electrochemical aptasensor based on the core-shell Cu-MOF@TpBD hybrid nanoarchitecture for the sensitive detection of PDGF-BB.

Internal electric field induced photocarriers separation of nickel-doped pyrite/pyrite homojunction with rich sulfur vacancies for superior Cr(VI) reduction.

Highly Efficient ZnCeZrOx/SAPO-34 Catalyst for the Direct conversion of CO2 into Light Olefins under Mild Reaction Conditions

Site difference influence of anchored Ru in mesoporous carbon on electrocatalytic performance toward pH-universal hydrogen evolution reaction

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