Synthetic pathways to water-soluble phthalocyanines and close analogs

High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)

In traditional Chinese medicine, Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino is a herbal drug of extreme versatility and has been extensively researched in China. The dammarane saponins isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, namely gypenosides or gynosaponins, are believed to be the active components responsible for its various biological activities and reported clinical effects. This review attempts to encompass the available literature on Gynostemma pentaphyllum, from its cultivation to the isolation of its chemical entities and a summary of its diverse pharmacological properties attributed to its gypenoside content. Other aspects such as toxicology and pharmacokinetics are also discussed. In vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that Gynostemma pentaphyllum may complement the popular herbal medicine, Panax ginseng, as it also contains a high ginsenoside content and exhibits similar biological activities.

Chemistry and Pharmacology of Gynostemma pentaphyllum

98 – The Synthesis of Symmetrical Phthalocyanines

Thin layer chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct analysis of raw samples.

Aluminium phthalocyanine and copper, nickel and zinc 4,4′,4″,4‴-tetra carboxyl phthalocyanines have been studied by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization(MALDI) and fast-atom bombardment(FAB) mass spectrometry. Aluminium phthalocyanines can be analysed by both FAB and MALDI with promising results but FAB provides more fragment information. The carboxyl derivatives are less volatile than the unsubstituted compounds and their mass spectra cannot be obtained by FAB, but can be obtained by MALDI with good results.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption and fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry of water-soluble phthalocyanines and their carboxyl derivatives

Determination of the glycosyl sequence of glycosides by enzymatic hydrolysis followed by TLC-FABMS

A method for obtaining fast-atom bombardment mass spectra of samples on paper is described in which a scrap trimmed from the paper of interest is adhered to the FAB probe tip with a strip of double-faced adhesive tape. After addition of suitable matrix (e.g. glycerol or thioglycerol) to the scrap, the probe is introduced into the mass spectrometer to obtain mass spectra in the usual manner. The method is demonstrated by analysing some paper containing hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and vanillic acid. The method is also used to characterize paper chromatographic spots, by which the fractions of a mixture of three amino acids (L-glutamic acid, L-proline and L-valine) separated by paper chromatography are easily determined. The detection limit of the method is well below 10 ng with respect to hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide.

Direct analysis of samples on paper by fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry

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Matrix-assisted laser desorption and fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry of water-soluble phthalocyanines and their carboxyl derivatives

Determination of the glycosyl sequence of glycosides by enzymatic hydrolysis followed by TLC-FABMS

Direct analysis of samples on paper by fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry