To enable the high-value application of coal gasification slag, flotation residual carbon from coal gasification fine slag (FSC) was used as a catalyst to remove organic contaminants. In this study, residual carbon was washed and sieved to prepare a stable carbon-based catalyst, which was used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for phenol degradation. The findings demonstrated that 50 mg/L of phenol could be removed by the FSC in 30 minutes within 30 °C, pH 3.01–11.00, 1 mmol/L PMS, and 0.6 g/L catalyst dosage. The efficiency of phenol degradation was attributed to the abundant active sites, such as oxygen vacancies in FSC. The characterization results demonstrated that oxygen vacancies, as a defective structure, could promote the adsorption of PMS on the FSC surface, then forming various active species, such as ·O2- and 1O2. Moreover, the presence of oxygen vacancies could redistribute the charge on the FSC surface, thus improving the adsorption and degradation of phenol. Overall, the study confirmed the activation potential of the flotation residual carbon from coal gasification fine slag and provided a theoretical foundation for its application in the catalytic removal of organic pollutants. 

Oxygen Vacancy-promoter on Flotation Residue Carbon from Coal Gasification Fine Slag for the Catalytic Degradation of Phenol

In order to solve the problem of low activity of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in degrading high-salt organic wastewater. This study demonstrates a strategy to improve catalyst activity by co-doping with FeCu between the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) layers. The g-C3N4-FeCu-rGO (GR-FeCu) reaction system achieved a phenol degradation rate of >96% in high-salinity wastewater, with a pH range of 2–8. After six cycles, the phenol degradation rate reached 100%. Electron spin resonance analysis identified·OH and·O2- as the primary active species in phenol degradation. The high activity of the catalyst in high-salt environments is attributed to the synergistic effect of FeCu and rGO-g-C3N4: The introduction of FeCu suppressed the formation of g-C3N4, leading to more defect structures and active groups (CO and C-N = C) in the catalyst. These structures provided active sites for H2O2 activation, enhanced H2O2 activation. The doping of Cu in the catalyst not only accelerates the accelerated Fe (III) reduction in the Fenton reaction, but also enhances the activity of N in g-C3N4. The three-dimensional interlayer structure with FeCu co-doping stabilized the metal ions and provided abundant active sites and metal anchoring structures, presenting a new approach to improve catalytic activity. 

Degradation of phenol in high-salt wastewater by three-dimensional FeCu co-doped materials: interaction of FeCu with g-C3N4–rGO and synergistic catalytic mechanism

Degradation of Phenol by Peroxymonosulfate Catalyzed by Cerium-doped amino-functionalized metal-organic frameworks (NH2-MIL-101 (Fe, Ce))

In recent years, the peracetic acid (PAA)-based advanced oxidation process (AOPs) has garnered significant attention in the field of water treatment due to rapid response time and environmentally-friendliness. The activation of PAA systems by diverse carbon-based materials plays a crucial role in addressing emerging environmental contaminants, including various types, structures, and modified forms of carbon materials. However, the structural characteristics and structure-activity relationship of carbon-based materials in the activation of PAA are intricate, while the degradation pathways and dominant active species exhibit diversity. Therefore, it is imperative to elucidate the developmental process of the carbon-based materials/PAA system through resource integration and logical categorization, thereby indicating potential avenues for future research. The present paper comprehensively reviews the structural characteristics and action mechanism of carbon-based materials in PAA system, while also analyzing the development, properties, and activation mechanism of heteroatom-doped carbon-based materials in this system. In conclusion, this study has effectively organized the resources pertaining to prominent research direction of comprehensive remediation of environmental water pollution, thereby elucidating the underlying logic and thought process. Consequently, it establishes robust theoretical foundation for future investigations and applications involving carbon-based materials/PAA system. 

Advances of carbon-based materials for activating peracetic acid in advanced oxidation processes: A review

Mesoporous ceria-supported Pt catalysts were prepared using different mesoporous ceria supports, namely, ceria nanoparticles (CeO2-np), ceria nanocubes (CeO2-nc), and ceria nanorods (CeO2-nr), and the supports were synthesized using different sol–gel methods. The oxidation of phenol was performed in a continuous up-flow fixed-bed reactor employing prepared Pt/CeO2 catalysts under different process conditions, such as temperature from 313 to 423 K, pressure from 1 to 18 bar, phenol feed WHSV from 1 to 10 h–1, reactant molar ratio from 1 to 13, and Pt loading from 0.1 to 0.7 wt %. The complete phenol conversion (99%) was achieved using the Pt/CeO2 -np catalyst at 413 K, 16 bar oxygen partial pressure, 0.5% Pt metal loading, 10 oxygen-to-phenol molar ratio, and 2 h–1 feed WHSV of phenol. The dispersion of metal precursors and the structure of the Pt/CeO2 catalysts facilitated the catalytic performance of the oxidation reaction. The preparation methods of the ceria supports directly influenced the morphology and mesoporosity of the Pt/CeO2 catalysts. The Pt/CeO2-np catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic efficacy due to its high surface area (207.5 m2/g), high metal dispersion (80.0%), developed pore structure, and synergistic effect between the metal and support. Besides, the presence of a highly active {111} plane in the Pt/CeO2-np catalyst triggered the catalytic efficacy of phenol oxidation. The Thiele modulus value was estimated to be 0.79, indicating that the surface reaction is the rate limiting step, and the Weisz-Prater criterion value was estimated to be 1.95 × 10–5, indicating no diffusion limitation of reactant mass transfer in the pore of the synthesized catalysts. Potential and potential complex models were used to determine the order and activation energy of phenol oxidation. According to the potential model, oxidation of phenol follows first-order kinetics with respect to phenol, with an activation energy of 33.0 kJ/mol. According to the potential complex model, oxidation of phenol follows (1.12 ± 0.04) order with respect to phenol and (0.75 ± 0.06) with respect to partial pressure of oxygen with activation energy (32.34 ± 1.12) kJ/mol. Supports and catalysts were characterized thoroughly by using different physicochemical techniques such as SEM, TEM, HRTEM, XPS, H2-TPR, XRD, TGA, chemisorption, and BET surface area analyzers. 

Performance of Mesoporous Ceria-Supported Pt Catalysts for Oxidative Degradation of Aqueous Solution of Toxic Phenol in a Continuous Fixed Bed Reactor: Optimization of Reaction Conditions, Kinetics, Catalyst Stability, and Characterization

Efficient degradation of phenol by MnOOH-rGO composite with high peroxymonosulfate utilization efficiency.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of temperature on Zn–Ni alloys in ChCl–Urea. Design/methodology/approach Based on cyclic voltammetry experiments, the deposition behavior and kinetics of the Zn–Ni alloy are studied. The nucleation process of the Zn–Ni alloy is studied in detail via chronoamperometry experiments. The effects of the deposition temperature on the microstructure, Ni content and phase composition of Zn–Ni alloy coatings are investigated via scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) combined with classical thermodynamics. Findings The results show that with increasing temperature, the reduction peak shifts toward a more positive electric potential, which is beneficial for the co-electric deposition process, and the diffusion coefficient is estimated. With increasing temperature, the nucleation process of the Zn–Ni alloy becomes a three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation, the typical kinetic parameters are determined using the standard 3D growth proliferation control model and the Gibbs free energy is estimated. The Zn–Ni alloy coatings are prepared via normal co-deposition. With increasing temperature, the degree of crystallinity increases, the coating gradually becomes uniform and compact and the XRD peak intensity increases. Originality/value The nucleation process of the Zn–Ni alloy at different temperatures is analyzed. The diffusion coefficient D and Gibbs free energy are calculated. The contribution of the three processes at different temperatures is analyzed. The effect of temperature on the morphology of the Zn–Ni alloy coatings is studied. 

Effect of temperature on electronucleation and growth mechanism of Zn–Ni alloy in deep eutectic solvent

In this work, the electrochemical behavior and reversibility of electrodeposition of Zn−Ni alloys were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the Choline chloride Urea (ChCl-Urea) system. The results show that the electrodeposition of Zn−Ni alloy follows the normal co-deposition mechanism and is an irreversible process controlled by diffusion. Timing current method (CA) shows that the electrocrystallization mechanism of Zn−Ni alloy follow three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation, involving several processes: adsorption process (jads), diffusion-controlled three-dimensional nucleation/growth process (j3D-DC), and water reduction process(jWR). The charge of each process was calculated: Qads, Q3D-DC, and QWR, and it was found that changing potential could control the charge contribution rate. According to the kinetic parameters, the number density N0 (cm−2) and nucleation rate A (S−1) were obtained. According to the best fitting results, Zn−Ni alloy coating was obtained. The microstructure and phase composition of the coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). 

An Analytical Study on the Electrochemical Behavior and Nucleation Mechanism of a Zn‐Ni Alloy in a Choline Chloride‐Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent

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Efficient degradation of phenol by MnOOH-rGO composite with high peroxymonosulfate utilization efficiency.

Effect of temperature on electronucleation and growth mechanism of Zn–Ni alloy in deep eutectic solvent

An Analytical Study on the Electrochemical Behavior and Nucleation Mechanism of a Zn‐Ni Alloy in a Choline Chloride‐Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent