The design and construction of synthetic cells - human-made microcompartments that mimic features of living cells - have experienced a real boom in the past decade. While many efforts have been geared toward assembling membrane-bounded compartments, coacervate droplets produced by liquid-liquid phase separation have emerged as an alternative membrane-free compartmentalization paradigm. Here, the dual role of coacervate droplets in synthetic cell research is discussed: encapsulated within membrane-enclosed compartments, coacervates act as surrogates of membraneless organelles ubiquitously found in living cells; alternatively, they can be viewed as crowded cytosol-like chassis for constructing integrated synthetic cells. After introducing key concepts of coacervation and illustrating the chemical diversity of coacervate systems, their physicochemical properties and resulting bioinspired functions are emphasized. Moving from suspensions of free floating coacervates, the two nascent roles of these droplets in synthetic cell research are highlighted: organelle-like modules and cytosol-like templates. Building the discussion on recent studies from the literature, the potential of coacervate droplets to assemble integrated synthetic cells capable of multiple life-inspired functions is showcased. Future challenges that are still to be tackled in the field are finally discussed.

Coacervate Droplets for Synthetic Cells.

Volatile compounds not only contribute to the distinct flavors and aromas found in foods and beverages, but can also serve as indicators for spoilage, contamination, or the presence of potentially harmful substances. As the odor of food raw materials and products carries valuable information about their state, gas sensors play a pivotal role in ensuring food safety and quality at various stages of its production and distribution. Among gas detection devices that are widely used in the food industry, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors are of the greatest importance. Ongoing research and development efforts have led to significant improvements in their performance, rendering them immensely useful tools for monitoring and ensuring food product quality; however, aspects related to their limited selectivity still remain a challenge. This review explores various strategies and technologies that have been employed to enhance the selectivity of MOS gas sensors, encompassing the innovative sensor designs, integration of advanced materials, and improvement of measurement methodology and pattern recognize algorithms. The discussed advances in MOS gas sensors, such as reducing cross-sensitivity to interfering gases, improving detection limits, and providing more accurate assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could lead to further expansion of their applications in a variety of areas, including food processing and storage, ultimately benefiting both industry and consumers.

Advancements in Improving Selectivity of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors Opening New Perspectives for Their Application in Food Industry

Abstract Background Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) is a bacterial infection that is prevalent and affects more than half of the world's population, causing stomach disorders such as gastritis , peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. Main body The diagnosis of H. pylori infection relies on invasive and non-invasive techniques emerging artificial intelligence, and antibiotic therapy is available, but antibiotic resistance is a growing concern. The development of a vaccine is crucial in preventing H. pylori -associated diseases, but it faces challenges due to the bacterium's variability and immune escape mechanisms. Despite the challenges, ongoing research into H. pylori's virulence factors and immune escape mechanisms, as well as the development of potential vaccine targets, provides hope for more effective management and prevention of H. pylori -associated diseases. Recent research on H. pylori's immune escape mechanisms and novel immune checkpoint inhibitors could also lead to biomarkers for early cancer detection. Therefore, experts have suggested a combination of traditional and herbal medicine with artificial intelligence to potentially eradicate H. pylori . Short conclusion H. pylori infection remains a significant global health problem, but ongoing research into its properties and advanced technologies in addition to the combination of traditional and herbal medicine with artificial intelligence may also lead to the eradication of H. pylori -associated diseases. Graphical abstract 

Recent trends in Helicobacter pylori management: harnessing the power of AI and other advanced approaches

Abstract Living cells possess a variety of transmembrane signaling systems that receive chemical and physical cues from the environment and transduce this information into an intracellular signal that triggers downstream cellular responses. This Review aims to present recent advances in the design of bioinspired systems that mimic transmembrane signaling in synthetic and living cells. We summarize the building of cell-like membranous structures and the construction of interfacial recognition between chemical or biological components. After introducing two main mechanisms of signal transduction in biology through receptor tyrosine kinase and G‐protein coupled receptors, we then highlight the possibility of mimicking transmembrane signaling with transducer integrated systems. We survey the potential for applying supramolecular materials (e.g., DNA origami, polypeptide structures and polymer scaffolds) to interact with surface receptors on the plasma membrane, providing an avenue for the application of therapeutics. 

Engineering receptor-mediated transmembrane signaling in artificial and living cells

The folding of proteins into intricate three-dimensional structures to achieve biological functions, such as catalysis, is governed by both kinetic and thermodynamic controls. The quest to design artificial enzymes using minimalist peptides seeks to emulate supramolecular structures existing in a catalytically active state. Drawing inspiration from the nuanced process of protein folding, our study explores the enzyme-like activity of amphiphilic peptide nanosystems in both equilibrium and non-equilibrium states, featuring the formation of supramolecular nanofibrils and nanosheets. In contrast to thermodynamically stable nanosheets, the kinetically trapped nanofibrils exhibit dynamic characteristics (e.g., rapid molecular exchange and relatively weak intermolecular packing), resulting in a higher hydrolase-mimicking activity. We emphasize that a supramolecular microenvironment characterized by an optimal local polarity, microviscosity and β-sheet hydrogen bonding is conducive to both substrate binding and ester bond hydrolysis. Our work underscores the pivotal role of both thermodynamic and kinetic control in impacting biomimetic catalysis and sheds a light on the development of artificial enzymes.

Supramolecular Hydrolase Mimics in Equilibrium and Kinetically Trapped States.

The recent surge in demand for human–machine interaction (HMI), Internet of Things (IoTs), and artificial intelligence (AI) has created both opportunities and challenges for room-temperature wearable gas sensors. These sensors serve as a source of perceptual information and can be easily integrated into wearable electronic devices due to their portability and miniaturization. In recent years, various types of wearable room temperature gas sensors have been developed for fields like environmental monitoring, healthcare, smart home, industrial security, food safety monitoring, and public security. These sensors not only adjust to the movements of human effortlessly but also have reduced power consumption. Therefore, room temperature wearable gas sensors hold great promise for the development of integrated intelligent gas sensing system worn on the human body. These sensors can be fabricated using various sensing materials to detect diverse target gases. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the preparation of sensing materials with extraordinary sensing capabilities at room temperature. Additionally, the article includes a brief discussion of the sensing mechanism, employing four models to explain it: oxygen adsorption, direct electron transfer, proton transfer, and ions conduction. Finally, this article discusses the various applications and future perspectives of room-temperature wearable gas sensors. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adsr.202300035

Room Temperature Wearable Gas Sensors for Fabrication and Applications

Engineering artificial cellular systems capable of perceiving and transmitting external signals across membranes to activate downstream targets and coordinate protocellular responses is key to build cell-cell communications and protolife. Here, we report a synthetic photoreceptor–mediated signaling pathway with the integration of light harvesting, photo-to-chemical energy conversion, signal transmission, and amplification in synthetic cells, which ultimately resulted in protocell subcompartmentalization. Key to our design is a ruthenium-bipyridine complex that acts as a membrane-anchored photoreceptor to convert visible light into chemical information and transduce signals across the lipid membrane via flip-flop motion. By coupling receptor-mediated phototransduction with biological recognition and enzymatic cascade reactions, we further develop protocell signaling–encoded Boolean logic gates. Our results illustrate a minimal cell model to mimic the photoreceptor cells that can transduce the energy of light into intracellular responses and pave the way to modular control over the flow of information for complex metabolic and signaling pathways.

https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/sciadv.ade5853?download=true

Artificial receptor-mediated phototransduction toward protocellular subcompartmentalization and signaling-encoded logic gates

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Room Temperature Wearable Gas Sensors for Fabrication and Applications

Artificial receptor-mediated phototransduction toward protocellular subcompartmentalization and signaling-encoded logic gates