'Is politics gendered? Wendy Brown things so, and argues for this point with elegance, imagination and pungent phrases. Brown's book is challenging, provocative and...original; it does force us to question the degree to which gender controls our politics.'-THE REVIEW OF POLITICS

Manhood and Politics: A Feminist Reading in Political Theory.@@@The Woman Question in Classical Sociological Theory.

Centered on studies on language and gender, this study generally aimed to assess the students’ general attitude towards Gender-Inclusive It likewise determined difference on attitude when grouped according to sex. The study utilized quantitative research design. Survey questionnaire using the IASNL was the instrument used which assesses beliefs, recognition of sexist language and willingness to use gender-inclusive language. Respondents utilized were randomly selected students of the College of Teacher Education. Results revealed that most of the students were female, displaying a positive attitude towards gender-inclusive language which indicates the students’ openness to gender-inclusive language use. It was found though that women and men did not seem to care strongly one way or another about gender-inclusive language. The result is reflective of the potential positive feedback to the Gender and Development (GAD) mainstreaming programs of the campus on the use of the said language.

https://ijere.iaescore.com/index.php/IJERE/article/download/21573/13181

Student’s general attitude in gender-inclusive language

Author(s): Jones, Jennifer Jean | Advisor(s): Monroe, Kristen | Abstract: Communication is a key factor in the strategic self-presentation of political leaders and candidates for office. It is especially important for women in US politics who remain numerically underrepresented at all levels of government, particularly in leadership positions. Drawing from theories on self-presentation, social identity, and implicit communication, this dissertation explores the relationship between gender, language, and political leadership. How do female politicians present themselves as viable leaders in a male-dominated political arena? Existing research suggests that women adopt masculine behaviors to succeed in politics. I asked: Do they talk like men? Informed by empirical work in social psychology and linguistics, I conceptualized feminine and masculine styles of communication in an original way. Using quantitative text analysis, survey, and experimental approaches, I investigated the gendered communication styles of US political leaders and the impact that such styles have for candidate evaluations.Analyzing 567 of Hillary Clinton's interview and debate transcripts between 1992--2013, I found that as Clinton's political power grew, she spoke in an increasingly masculine way. To follow up on this case, I analyzed 2,484 interview and debate transcripts from 126 political leaders and found that, like Clinton, female leaders broadly conformed to masculine styles of communication. Despite this, partisan stereotypes encouraged a different, and sometimes conflicting, self-presentation, which suggests that the self-presentational strategies for attaining and maintaining power are not the same for Republican and Democratic women. In contrast, male leaders did not significantly alter their self-presentation when transitioning into different leadership roles. Among male leaders, Democrats and Republicans tended to conform to party stereotypes. In addition, survey results showed that individuals reliably associated masculine communication styles with men and the Republican party and feminine statements with women and the Democratic party. Experimental results showed that regardless of a candidate's gender, evaluations of warmth---but not competence---were significantly affected by the candidate's gendered style of communication.Ultimately, these findings demonstrate how seemingly unremarkable linguistic structures---pronouns, articles, prepositions, emotional expressions and more---conform to, reflect, and cue two key factors underlying political behavior: partisanship and gender.

/pdf/talk-like-a-man-feminine-style-in-the-pursuit-of-political-uh8fs59nzu.pdf

Talk "Like a Man": Feminine Style in the Pursuit of Political Power

Using 100 random questionnaires, 89 people said they were increasingly dependent on the Internet for information, while the remaining 11 said they were not dependent much. Nowadays, the development of Internet technology is more and more mature, and the scale of the Internet is more and more large. At the same time, with the gradual deepening of global economic integration, English has become one of the indispensable language methods for international communication and cooperation. The development of network technology has been applied more and more widely in the process of English teaching; especially, the construction, research, and practical application of corpus have ushered in a broad development prospect. Based on web crawler technology, this paper focuses on the construction of web English corpus, which lays a foundation for English learning. Experiments show that crawler technology can effectively solve the collection and recognition of big data in English corpus.

Construction of Online English Corpus Based on Web Crawler Technology

The major models on language and gender studies in some Western countries in the past 30 years include those of deficit, dominance, difference, politeness and constructionism. Some of them are contradictory and oppose one another, whereas some overlap in their views. Still others are new and creative, quite different from the traditional views. But attention should be paid to these points: (1) sex and gender should be distinguished;(2) there are limitations in the Western studies on language and gender; (3) extremes in the study should be avoided;(4)a multidimensional approach and interdisciplinary perspectives should be taken and adopted so as to make a scientific, accurate and objective explanation of the gender differences in language use.

A Review of Western Language and Gender Studies

Anchored on the public stereotype towards the dichotomization of gender and the social gender construct theory, the study examines the gender differences in terms of lexical choice manifested by the selected 20 U.S. presidential candidates from the year 2012 to 2020 and presents the changes of each gender group in a male-dominated political context. The corpus of this study consists of 60257 lexis of 10 male politicians and 63095 words of 10 female politicians which are extracted from their announcement and campaign speeches. Findings obtained from the results based on the quantitative research design and the application of CLAWS, AntConc and chi-square test reveal statistically significant gender-based differences. The findings support that even though male and female presidential candidates have almost the same priorities of usage in general lexical categories, the lexical choice of male candidates was relatively close to feminization while women tended to be neutral. Finally, it further speculates that the candidates of differing gender enjoy a distinctive consciousness on the social gender construction in public discourse to challenge or neutralize public stereotypes of gender identity. In view of the findings, the study recommends a questionnaire survey to verify the inference on gender color displayed by different language variables and an extensive database to enable a greater validity of the results in the future.

/pdf/social-gender-construction-in-political-context-a-corpus-11wfc6xhrv.pdf

Social Gender Construction in Political Context: A Corpus-Based Study of Lexical Differences across Genders

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Social Gender Construction in Political Context: A Corpus-Based Study of Lexical Differences across Genders