The sections in this article are:


1
Reflex Cardiovascular Responses to Muscular Contraction in Anesthetized and Decerebrate Animals
1.1
Sensory Innervation of Skeletal Muscle

1.2
Reflex Autonomic Responses to Stimulation of Muscle Afferents in Anesthetized Animals

1.3
Discharge Properties of Group III and IV Muscle Afferents

1.4
The Site of the First Synapse—The Dorsal Horn

1.5
Role of Spinal Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators in the Exercise Pressor Reflex

1.6
Pathways Ascending from the Dorsal Horn

1.7
The Ventrolateral Medulla

1.8
Other Central Neural Structures

1.9
Final Common Pathways

1.10
Interaction Between the Arterial Baroreflex and the Exercise Pressor Reflex in Anesthetized and Decerebrate Animals




2
Evidence for the Exercise Pressor Reflex in Humans and Conscious Animals
2.1
Feedback from Contracting Limb Skeletal Muscle in Humans and Conscious Animals

2.2
The Nature of the Stimulus Evoking the Exercise Pressor Reflex




3
Contribution of Peripheral Afferents to the Exercise Hyperpnea
3.1
Afferents from the Exercising limbs

3.2
The Carotid Chemoreceptor Afferents

3.3
Role in Hyperventilation During Heavy Exercise

3.4
The Pulmonary Afferents

3.5
Cardiac Afferents

3.6
Respiratory Muscle Afferents

3.7
Mediation of the Exercise Hyperpnea by Multiple Mechanisms




4
Summary and Conclusions
4.1
Peripheral Afferent Contribution to Circulatory Responses to Exercise

4.2
Peripheral Afferent Contribution to Ventilatory Responses to Exercise

Reflexes Controlling Circulatory, Ventilatory and Airway Responses to Exercise

The sections in this article are:


1
Afferent Fibers from Skeletal Muscle and Their Receptors
1.1
Composition of Muscle Nerves

1.2
Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs

1.3
Receptive Properties of Group III and Group IV Afferent Fibers




2
Central Pathways for Cardiovascular Reflexes from Skeletal Muscle Receptors
2.1
Spinal Termination of Primary Muscle Afferents

2.2
Central Pathways Arising From Myelinated Primary Muscle Afferents

2.3
Central Pathways Arising From Unmyelinated Primary Muscle Afferents

2.4
Ascending and Descending Spinal Pathways Involved in Cardiovascular Reflex Control From Skeletal Muscle




3
Organization of Efferent Outflow in Pre- and Postganglionic Neurons

4
Cardiovascular Responses from Skeletal Muscle Receptors
4.1
Effect of Activation of Afferent Fibers

4.2
Effect of Induced Muscular Contraction (Simulated Exercise)




5
Interaction of Muscle Afferents with Other Cardiovascular Reflexes
5.1
Arterial Baroreceptors

5.2
Cardiopulmonary Vagal Afferents




6
Role of Skeletal Muscle Afferents in Cardiovascular Response to Exercise in Humans
6.1
Dynamic and Static Exercise

6.2
Central Control (Central Command)

6.3
Peripheral Control

6.4
Integration of Neural Control Mechanisms During Exercise




7
Conclusion

Cardiovascular Reflex Control by Afferent Fibers from Skeletal Muscle Receptors

The sections in this article are:


1
Basal Vascular Resistance and Autoregulation

2
Role of Myogenic Mechanism in Reactive Hyperemia

3
Role of Myogenic Mechanism in Exercise Hyperemia

4
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

5
Muscle Blood Flow During Exercise
5.1
Oxygen Lack

5.2
Lactic Acid, pH, and CO2

5.3
Potassium

5.4
Inorganic Phosphate

5.5
Osmolarity

5.6
Prostaglandins

5.7
Adenosine and Adenine Nucleotides

5.8
Intrinsic Neurons and Exercise Dilatation

5.9
General Conclusions




6
Mechanical Hindrance to Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscle

7
Reactive Hyperemia
7.1
Are Exercise and Reactive Hyperemia Due to the Same Mechanism(s)?




8
Propagated Vasodilatation

9
Sympathetic Vasomotor Outflow

10
Noradrenergic Innervation of Resistance Vessels in Muscles
10.1
Neuroeffector Junction

10.2
α-Adrenergic Activation




11
Factors that Modulate Transmitter Output From Sympathetic Nerve Endings
11.1
Metabolic Action

11.2
Neurohumoral Action




12
Reflex Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Resistance Vessels by Sympathetic Noradrenergic Nerves
12.1
Carotid and Aortic Baroreflex

12.2
Carotid and Aortic Chemoreflex

12.3
Reflexes From the Heart and Lungs

12.4
Diving Reflex

12.5
Reflex From Receptors in Skeletal Muscles




13
Rhythmic Exercise

14
Isometric Exercise

15
Influence of Sympathetic Noradrenergic Fibers on the Blood Flow to Active Muscles

16
β2-Adrenergic Activation

17
Cholinergic Vasodilator Nerves
17.1
Role of Cholinergic Nerves in the Carotid Baroreflex

17.2
Cholinergic Vasodilatation in Humans




18
Histaminergic Vasodilatation
18.1
Role of Histamine in the Vasodilatation Resulting From Reflex Inhibition of Sympathetic Outflow




19
Conclusions

Circulation to Skeletal Muscle

Subjective sensations from deep tissues, which are probably mediated by slowly conducting afferent fibers, play an important role in everyday life. Thus, deep pain is a much commoner reason for consulting a physician than is cutaneous pain. Similarly, reflexes elicited by these fibers (e.g., cardiopulmonary (CP) adjustments during exercise) are essential for the normal functioning of a living organism. Yet most studies dealing with the function of afferent fiber systems have concentrated either on cutaneous fibers or on deep receptors with rapidly conducting afferent fibers. For example, in two of the most elaborate reviews on muscle receptors published to date (Matthews 1972, Barker 1974), only a few pages are devoted to receptive endings with fibers of small diameter. The present report gives an overview of the current knowledge of the physiology and morphology of these afferent units.

Slowly Conducting Afferent Fibers from Deep Tissues: Neurobiological Properties and Central Nervous Actions

A review of the history of our knowledge and understanding of the peripheral oedema of congestive cardiac failure points to the conclusion that an inability of the heart to maintain the arterial pressure is of central importance in this condition. Although the function of the circulation is to perfuse the tissues, the body monitors the adequacy of its perfusion, not not through metabolic messengers carried from the tissues in the blood stream, but by sensing the arterial pressure; and the mechanisms evoked act to maintain the arterial pressure. In the short term this is achieved by autonomic regulation of the heart and blood vessels; in the longer term the arterial pressure is maintained through an increase in the blood volume by a retention of salt and water by the kidney. To support the latter process, intrinsic renal mechanisms are successively magnified by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and by the activities of the sympathetic system and vasopressin. The natriuretic influence mediated through volume receptors and the release of atrial peptide is overruled by the arterial baroreceptors, so that the body maintains the arterial pressure at the expense of an increase in blood volume. In these ways the syndrome of congestive cardiac failure may be regarded as one which arises when the heart becomes chronically unable to maintain an appropriate arterial pressure without support.

https://heart.bmj.com/content/heartjnl/58/3/190.full.pdf

Congestive cardiac failure: central role of the arterial blood pressure.

Mechanisms of intra-arterial Kplus-induced cardiovascular and respiratory responses.

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Mechanisms of intra-arterial Kplus-induced cardiovascular and respiratory responses.