Constipation is the most common gastrointestinal complaint all over the world, and it is a risk factor of colorectal cancer. In this study, the protective of Quercetin against loperamide-induced constipation and its potential mechanism in a rat model were investigated. Results showed that Quercetin at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg could significantly (p < .05) increase the intestinal transit rate, motilin, gastrin, substance P levels, and concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), reduce the somatostatin levels, and improve the gastrointestinal peristalsis of rats. In addition, the expression levels of enteric nerve-related factors, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), c-Kit, stem cell factor (SCF), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3) were examined by RT-qPCR and/or Western blot analysis. The results suggest that Quercetin relieves loperamide-induced constipation by increasing the levels of interstitial cells of Cajal markers (c-Kit and SCF), as well as AQP3. In conclusion, the present study suggested that Quercetin exerted a protective effect against loperamide-induced constipation, which may be associated with its role in regulation of multiple signal pathways.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/fsn3.2296

The potential of Quercetin to protect against loperamide-induced constipation in rats.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe diabetic microvascular complication with an increasing prevalence rate and lack of effective treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine has been proven to have favorable efficacy on DN, especially Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (SM), one of the most critical and conventional herbs in the treatment. Over the past decades, studies have demonstrated that SM is a potential treatment for DN, and the exploration of the underlying mechanism has also received much attention. This review aims to systematically study the efficacy and pharmacological mechanism of SM in the treatment of DN to understand its therapeutic potential more comprehensively. Relevant information was sourced from Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI databases. Several clinical trials and systematic reviews have indicated that SM has definite benefits on the kidneys of diabetic patients. And many laboratory studies have further revealed that SM and its characteristic extracts, mainly including salvianolic acids and tanshinones, can exhibit pharmacological activity against DN by the regulation of metabolism, renal hemodynamic, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, autophagy, et cetera, and several involved signaling pathways, thereby preventing various renal cells from abnormal changes in DN, including endothelial cells, podocytes, epithelial cells, and mesangial cells. As a potential drug for the treatment of DN, SM has multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway pharmacological effects. This work will not only verify the satisfactory curative effect of SM in the treatment of DN but also provide helpful insights for the development of new anti-DN drugs and the application of traditional Chinese medicine. 

Effect and pharmacological mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its characteristic extracts on diabetic nephropathy.

Oral Chinese patent medicines for diabetic kidney disease: An overview of systematic reviews

Objective To compare effects of compound Xueshuantong capsule and benazepril on inflammatory cyto.kines in type 2 diabetic patients with early diabetic nephropathy(DN), and its therapeutic mechanism thereof. Methods Ninety-four patients with type 2 diabetes were divided into diabetes without albuminuria group(DM,n=24) and early DN group(DN,n=70). DN group was then divided into three subgroups:group A(n=24) treated by benazepril alone, group B(n=22) treated by compound Xueshuantong capsule and group C(n=24) treated by compound Xueshuantong capsule combined with benazepril for 3 months. Levels of fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, serum creatinine, blood urea nitro.gen, lipid profiles, fibrinogen and urinary albumin excretion rate(UAER) were examined before and after treatment. The se.rum levels of hypersensitive c-reactive protein(hs-CRP), interleukin- 6(IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) were determined as well. Results The serum levels of hs-CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher in DN group than those of DM group(P 0.01). After treatment, the serum levels of UAER, hs-CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly re.duced in groups A, B and C compared with those before treatment(P 0.01), and which were decreased more significantly in group C. The levels of blood lipids and fibrinogen decreased obviously in group C compared with those of group A and B(P 0.01). Conclusion Compound Xueshuantong capsule combined with benazepril not only can improve the blood fat and high coagulation state in patients, but also impossibly retard the development of early DN through decreasing serum concen.trations of hs-RP, IL-6 and TNF-α and inhibiting inflammatory reaction.

Comparison of Effects of Compound Xueshuantong Capsule and Benazepril on Serum Inflammatory Cytokines in Early Diabetic Nephropathy

Purpose: To investigate the therapeutic effect of combined administration of laser and Fufang xueshuantong capsules in patients with diabetic retinopathy, and its influence on ocular hemodynamics.Methods: A total of 193 patients with diabetic retinopathy in the Ophthalmology Department of Hebei University Affiliated Hospital from October 2020 to April 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups: study group (127 patients) and control group (66 patients). Control group received laser therapy in the fundus while the study group was administered 3 capsules (i.e., 1.5 g) of Fufang xueshuantong thrice daily for 7 days. Changes in the fundus and visual acuity, hemodynamic indices of the ophthalmic artery, and changes in macular edema diameter, and adverse reactions in both groups were recorded.Results: In the study group, after treatment, eyeground changes were especially effective (67.37 %), effective (30.51 %), or ineffective (2.12 %). Visual acuity improved (58.90 %), (unchanged at 38.56 %), or decreased (2.54 %). In the control group, laser treatment was especially effective (42.61 %), effective (44.35 %), or ineffective (13.04 %); however, visual acuity increased (36.52 %), unchanged (47.83 %), or decreased (15.65 %). The changes were significant (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in ophthalmic artery hemodynamics between the two groups before treatment (p > 0.05). After treatment, however, peak systolic velocity (Psv), end diastolic blood flow velocity (Edv), mean velocity (Vm), resistance index (RI), and pulsatile index (PI) in the study group were significantly different from those of the control group (p < 0.05); There was also no significant difference between the two groups before and 1 day after the operation (p > 0.05), neither was there a significant difference in adverse reactions between the two groups (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Fufang xueshuantong capsule is effective in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, and significantly improves ophthalmic artery hemodynamics. Further clinical trials, however, are required for the validation of the findings of this study. 

Comparative effect of laser therapy and Fufang xueshuantong capsules in patients with diabetic retinopathy and ocular hemodynamic characteristics

Objective. The objective of this meta-analysis was to systematically assess the efficacy and safety of patented Chinese medicine Fufang Xueshuantong (FFXST) for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Methods. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of FFXST for DKD treatment were searched until May 31, 2020, in seven electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and Chinese Biomedical Literature. The Cochrane risk test from the Cochrane Handbook was used as a bias tool to assess the methodological quality, and Review Manager (RevMan) 5.3 was used to analyze the results. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria were used to classify the quality of evidence. Results. Thirteen RCTs involving 1,186 patients were included. The meta-analysis revealed that the efficacy of FFXST in treatment of DKD was significantly superior to that of the control treatment (\n \n P\n =\n 0.\n 0006\n \n ). The urinary albumin excretion rate (\n \n P\n <\n 0.01\n \n ), urinary albumin creatinine ratio (\n \n P\n <\n 0.0001\n \n ), and microalbumin (\n \n P\n <\n 0.0001\n \n ) were lower in the treatment groups than in the control group. There was also a decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (\n \n P\n <\n 0.0001\n \n ), serum triglyceride (\n \n P\n =\n 0.001\n \n ), and C-reactive protein (\n \n P\n <\n 0.0001\n \n ) in the treatment groups compared with those in the control group. No significant difference in hemoglobin A1c level (\n \n P\n =\n 0.76\n \n ) and systolic blood pressure (\n \n P\n =\n 0.34\n \n ) was noted between the treatment and control groups. Three studies reported adverse events, including dizziness and intolerance. In the other 10 trials, adverse events were not mentioned. Conclusion. FFXST appears to be effective in the treatment of DKD. However, the low methodological quality of the RCTs suggests that larger, better-designed RCTs are required to verify the clinical eﬀectiveness and safety of FFXST.

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Fufang Xueshuantong for Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Fufang Xueshuantong for Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis