In the recent years, lithium-ion batteries have become the battery technology of choice for portable devices, electric vehicles and grid storage. While increasing numbers of car manufacturers are introducing electrified models into their offering, range anxiety and the length of time required to recharge the batteries are still a common concern. The high currents needed to accelerate the charging process have been known to reduce energy efficiency and cause accelerated capacity and power fade. Fast charging is a multiscale problem, therefore insights from atomic to system level are required to understand and improve fast charging performance. The present paper reviews the literature on the physical phenomena that limit battery charging speeds, the degradation mechanisms that commonly result from charging at high currents, and the approaches that have been proposed to address these issues. Special attention is paid to low temperature charging. Alternative fast charging protocols are presented and critically assessed. Safety implications are explored, including the potential influence of fast charging on thermal runaway characteristics. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified and recommendations are made for the direction of future research. The need to develop reliable onboard methods to detect lithium plating and mechanical degradation is highlighted. Robust model-based charging optimisation strategies are identified as key to enabling fast charging in all conditions. Thermal management strategies to both cool batteries during charging and preheat them in cold weather are acknowledged as critical, with a particular focus on techniques capable of achieving high speeds and good temperature homogeneities.

Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review

Li plating as unwanted side reaction in commercial Li-ion cells - A review

Modeling and simulation of inhomogeneities in a 18650 nickel-rich, silicon-graphite lithium-ion cell during fast charging

The potential and current density distribution on the electrodes of a lithium-polymer battery were studied by using the finite element method. The effect of the configuration of the electrodes such as the aspect ratio of the electrodes and the size and placing of current collecting tabs as well as the discharge rates on the battery performance was examined to enhance the uniformity of the utilization of the active material of electrodes. The results showed that the aspect ratio of the electrodes and the size and placing of current collecting tabs have a significant effect on the potential and current density distribution on the electrodes to influence the distribution of the depth of discharge on the electrodes, thus affecting the uniform utilization of the active material of electrodes.

http://ma.ecsdl.org/content/MA2005-03/1/162.full.pdf

A Two-dimensional Modeling of a Lithium-polymer Battery

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries promise great potential as high‐energy‐density energy‐storage devices due to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg−1. Evaluation and analysis on practical Li–S pouch cells are essential for achieving actual high energy density under working conditions and affording developing directions for practical applications. This review aims to afford a comprehensive overview of high‐energy‐density Li–S pouch cells regarding 7 years of development and to point out further research directions. Key design parameters to achieve actual high energy density are addressed first, to define the research boundaries distinguished from coin‐cell‐level evaluation. Systematic analysis of the published literature and cutting‐edge performances is then conducted to demonstrate the achieved progress and the gap toward practical applications. Following that, failure analysis as well as promotion strategies at the pouch cell level are, respectively, discussed to reveal the unique working and failure mechanism that shall be accordingly addressed. Finally, perspectives toward high‐performance Li–S pouch cells are presented regarding the challenges and opportunities of this field.

Toward Practical High‐Energy‐Density Lithium–Sulfur Pouch Cells: A Review

A single-layered NMC/graphite pouch cell is investigated by means of differential local potential measurements during various operation scenarios. 44 tabs in total allow for a highly resolved potential measurement along the electrodes whilst the single layer configuration guarantees the absence of superimposed thermal gradients. By applying a multi-dimensional model framework to this cell, the current density and SOC distribution are analyzed quantitatively. The study is performed for four C-rates (0.1C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C) at three temperatures (5°C, 25°C, 40°C). The maximum potential drop as well the corresponding SOC deviation are characterized. The results indicate that cell inhomogeneity is positively coupled to temperature, i.e. the lower the temperature, the more uniform the electrodes will be utilized.

/pdf/simulation-and-measurement-of-the-current-density-55t9kuwxfo.pdf

Simulation and Measurement of the Current Density Distribution in Lithium-Ion Batteries by a Multi-Tab Cell Approach

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Simulation and Measurement of the Current Density Distribution in Lithium-Ion Batteries by a Multi-Tab Cell Approach