https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/217833343/1_s2.0_S0734975020301099_main.pdf

Microbial enzymes catalyzing keratin degradation: Classification, structure, function.

Effective feather degradation and keratinase production by Bacillus pumilus GRK for its application as bio-detergent additive.

Feathers are a major by-product of the poultry industry. They are mainly composed of keratins which have wide applications in different fields. Due to the increasing production of feathers from poultry industries, the untreated feathers could become pollutants because of their resistance to protease degradation. Feathers are rich in amino acids, which makes them a valuable source for fertilizer and animal feeds. Numerous bacteria and fungi exhibited capabilities to degrade chicken feathers by secreting enzymes such as keratinases, and accumulated evidence shows that feather-containing wastes can be converted into value-added products. This review summarizes recent progress in microbial degradation of feathers, structures of keratinases, feather application, and microorganisms that are able to secrete keratinase. In addition, the enzymes critical for keratin degradation and their mechanism of action are discussed. We also proposed the strategy that can be utilized for feather degradation. Based on the accumulated studies, microbial degradation of feathers has great potential to convert them into various products such as biofertilizer and animal feeds.

/pdf/progress-in-microbial-degradation-of-feather-waste-zodr8pv5h3.pdf

Progress in Microbial Degradation of Feather Waste

The search for novel renewable products over synthetics hallmarked this decade and those of the recent past. Most economies that are prospecting on biodiversity for improved bio-economy favor renewable resources over synthetics for the potential opportunity they hold. However, this field is still nascent as the bulk of the available resources are non-renewable based. Microbial metabolites, emphasis on secondary metabolites, are viable alternatives; nonetheless, vast microbial resources remain under-exploited; thus, the need for a continuum in the search for new products or bio-modifying existing products for novel functions through an efficient approach. Environmental distress syndrome has been identified as a factor that influences the emergence of genetic diversity in prokaryotes. Still, the process of how the change comes about is poorly understood. The emergence of new traits may present a high prospect for the industrially viable organism. Microbial enzymes have prominence in the bio-economic space, and proteases account for about sixty percent of all enzyme market. Microbial keratinases are versatile proteases which are continuously gaining momentum in biotechnology owing to their effective bio-conversion of recalcitrant keratin-rich wastes and sustainable implementation of cleaner production. Keratinase-assisted biodegradation of keratinous materials has revitalized the prospects for the utilization of cost-effective agro-industrial wastes, as readily available substrates, for the production of high-value products including amino acids and bioactive peptides. This review presented an overview of keratin structural complexity, the potential mechanism of keratin biodegradation, and the environmental impact of keratinous wastes. Equally, it discussed microbial keratinase; vis-a-vis sources, production, and functional properties with considerable emphasis on the ecological implication of microbial producers and catalytic tendency improvement strategies. Keratinase applications and prospective high-end use, including animal hide processing, detergent formulation, cosmetics, livestock feed, and organic fertilizer production, were also articulated.

/pdf/microbial-keratinase-next-generation-green-catalyst-and-teyyruwwow.pdf

Microbial Keratinase: Next Generation Green Catalyst and Prospective Applications.

Microbial keratinases: An overview of biochemical characterization and its eco-friendly approach for industrial applications

A novel alkaline keratinase from Bacillus subtilis DP1 with potential utility in cosmetic formulation.

Nanocomposite membranes are a class of innovative filtering materials consisting of nanofillers embedded in a polymeric or inorganic oxide matrix that functionalizes the membrane. Thermally rearranged (TR) polymers have a good blend of selectivity and permeability. Nanocomposite membranes were tested after applying a TR process. The selectivity decreases with increasing permeability, showing a trade-off relationship between permeability and selectivity. TR polymer nanocomposite exhibits higher gas permeability than silica-doped and pure polymer. The selectivity for H2/N2 and H2/CO2 gas pairs exceeds the Robeson upper-bound limit, and in the case of the H2/CH4 gas pair. The selectivity for H2/N2 , H2/CH4 and H2/CO2 gas pairs exceeds the Robeson upper-bound limit. 

Transport Spectroscopic and Electrical properties of Thermally Rearranged Nanocomposite Membranes

Transport properties of polymer blends and composite membranes for selective permeation of hydrogen

Analysis of Various Properties of PMMA/PS Polymer Blends

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP's) possess inherent biological potentials that have obliged an alternative, eco-friendly, sustainable approach to"Green Synthesis."In the present study, we synthesized Green Silver Nanoparticles (GAgNP's) using Curcuma longa L. (C. longa) flower extract as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesized GAgNP's were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), which confirmed their homogeneity and physical characteristics. The GAgNP's were found to contain crystalline silver through XRD, and the particles were confirmed to be homogeneous and spherical with a size of approximately 5 nm, as evidenced by UV-Visible spectroscopy, XRD, and HR-TEM. In addition, the biological potential of GAgNP's was evaluated for their antibacterial activities. GAgNP's showed significant activity and formed different sizes of inhibition zones against all selected bacteria: Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) (26 mm), Mycobacterium phlei (M. phlei), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (22 mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (18 mm), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) (13 mm). The MIC value of GAgNP's was found to be between 625 ug/mL-39.06 ug/mL for different microbes tested. With further research, the green synthesis of GAgNP's using C. longa flower extracts could lead to the development of effective antibacterial treatments in the medical field.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Curcuma longa flower extract and antibacterial activity

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