Preparation and characterization of bio-diesels from various bio-oils.

Several alcoholysis catalysts, known to be effective for reactions between simple alcohols and soybean oil, were evaluated and found to be ineffective toward alcoholysis of ethylene glycol with soybean oil under traditional reaction conditions An initial survey of alternative catalysts revealed that organometallic tin complexes were effective but unsatisfactory due to toxicity and difficulty in recovering the catalyst Satisfactory performance for several alcoholysis reactions was achieved with calcium carbonate catalysts even though at higher temperatures, typically greater than 200°C Higher reaction temperatures are not considered to be a problem for flow reactors where heat exchangers can be readily used to minimize energy costs Free fatty acids were esterified by the calcium carbonate and did not appear to inhibit the catalyst Reaction times of 18 min provided essentially complete conversion No decrease in the activity of calcium carbonate was observed after weeks of utilization The robust structure is suitable for use in packed-bed reactors The catalyst used for the flow reactors was pulverized limestone Limestone from two locations was tested and found to be effective Catalyst removal requires only a screening process at the reactor discharge

/pdf/calcium-carbonate-catalyzed-alcoholysis-of-fats-and-oils-4cxjukwcs0.pdf

Calcium carbonate catalyzed alcoholysis of fats and oils

The present disclosure concerns methods, apparatus, compositions and systems relating to closed bioreactors for algal culture and harvesting. In certain embodiments, the system may comprise bags with various layers, including a thermal barrier layer, that may be used to contain the algal culture and/or to thermally regulate the temperature of the algal culture. The system may comprise various mechanisms for moving fluid within the sytem, such as a roller type mechanism, and may provide temperature regulation by compartmentalization of the fluid to regulate absorption of solar radiation and/or conductive or emissive heat loss and gain. Various mechanisms may be used to harvest and process the algae and/or to convert algal oil into biodiesel and other products.

Method, apparatus and system for biodiesel production from algae

This invention relates to a process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition, comprising: (A) mixing a normally liquid hydrocarbon fuel and at least one chemical additive to form a hydrocarbon fuel-additive mixture; and (B) mixing said hydrocarbon fuel-additive mixture with water under high shear mixing conditions in a high shear mixer to form said aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition, said aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition including a discontinuous aqueous phase, said discontinuous aqueous phase being comprised of aqueous droplets having a mean diameter of 1.0 micron or less. An apparatus for operating the foregoing process is also disclosed. Aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions are disclosed.

Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions

The lubricity of ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and synthetic fuel (S8) blended with different levels of cotton seed oil, soybean oil, or poultry fat based biodiesel was evaluated using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). The lubricity of ULSD and S8 blends increases sharply as the biodiesel blending level increases and then levels off at ∼2 vol %. The effects of individual minor components of biodiesel, free fatty acids (FFAs), glycerol, antioxidants, phospholipids, and water, on lubricity enhancement of ULSD were investigated. Among the minor components, polar compounds achieved better lubricity improvement. The order of the effect was FFA > soy biodiesel > phospholipids > antioxidant > glycerol > distilled soy biodiesel > individual FAME. Lubricity of the residues of distilled cotton seed oil and yellow grease biodiesel was also compared to the distillates. The effect of the temperature with 2 vol % soybean oil (SBO) blend with ULSD was examined. This biodiesel mixture shows better lubricity, attributed to boundary film formation, at temperatures greater than 70 °C.

Investigation of Lubricity Characteristics of Biodiesel in Petroleum and Synthetic Fuel

A fuel composition is disclosed which comprises (A) at least one low sulfur diesel fuel; and (B) esters from the transesterification of at least one animal fat or vegetable oil triglyceride of the formula ##STR1## wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups having at least 60 percent monounsaturated character and containing from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms with an alcohol or phenol R 4 OH wherein R 4 is an aliphatic group containing from 1 to about 22 carbon atoms or an aromatic or substituted aromatic group containing from 6 to about 50 carbon atoms.

Esters derived from vegetable oils used as additives for fuels

An oil-in-water emulsion composition remover is disclosed. The compositions comprise a solvent, water, a thickener, a base and a surfactant. The removers are useful in removing non-aqueous and aqueous coatings, waxes, greases, and the like, from substrates to which the coatings, waxes, greases, and the like, have been applied.

Oil-in-water emulsified remover

A process to make water-blended fuel by emulsifying the emulsifier in a portion of the fuel, then adding the water under high shear mixing to give a concentrated water fuel emulsion. The concentrated emulsion is then diluted with final of fuel using mixing or blending conditions resulting in an emulsified water blend fuel.

A concentrated emulsion for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel

An emulsion composition comprises water, a hydrocarbon distillate having a boiling point of 215 to 325° C., and a surfactant having a hydrophilic lipophilic balance number of 10 or less. A vehicle composition, an ink composition, a lithographic printing process and a method to improve a lithographic printing process comprise the emulsion composition which when used in a lithographic printing ink can reduce emission of volatile organic compounds and reduce the time at start-up to establish print quality.

Emulsion composition and vehicle and ink compositions and printing process and method thereof

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