Discoveries of new plant growth regulators are significantly enriching the range of tools used by researchers in plant tissue culture. Meta-topolin (mT, 6-(3-hydroxybenzylamino) purine), firstly isolated from poplar leaves, is a highly active natural aromatic cytokinin successfully used over the last two decades in many different biological fields. The main criteria of its efficiency in plant micropropagation are high multiplication rate, shoot health, good rooting, and acclimatization ability. The absence of abnormalities and somaclonal variation are further advantages. For this reason, mT is examined in various regeneration systems in comparison with isoprenoid, aromatic, as well as phenylurea derivatives with cytokinin-like activity. This chapter will review the advantages and disadvantages of mT application as an inducer of different morphogenetic pathways of plant regeneration in vitro, including axillary shoot proliferation, de novo organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis.

Meta-topolin: Advantages and Disadvantages for In Vitro Propagation

In the present era, global plant biodiversity is dilapidated annually at a pioneering rate. Preservation of plant genetic resources has been threatened by the safety with foremost problems by limiting its efficiency. Contemporary trends on synthetic seeds, i.e., artificially encapsulated somatic embryos, open up new avenue in agriculture. It is one of the most promising alternate tools for propagation of many rare and endangered plant species. Success of synthetic seeds endowed with its protective hydrogel coating by increasing the growth of micropropagule in the field conditions. Synthetic seeds are also helpful in stipulations of their role in preventing the spread of plant diseases, and it is a gifted path for scale-up of multi-clone production for commercial purpose. Synthetic seeds are more durable for handling, transportation, and storage. Presently, it is well documented that any kind of non-embryogenic explants from tissue culture can be used for synthetic seed production like shoot tips, axillary buds, nodal segments, protocorms, bulblets, section of callus, bipolar propagule, or unipolar propagule. Currently, significant focus has been given for synthetic seeds, as they are economical for conservation of germplasm, maintenance of the genetic uniformity of plants through clonal propagation, and direct deliverance to the field. Under this context, various effective protocols for preparing synthetic seeds and conservation of plants are developed. Accordingly, an appraisal on synthetic seed aspects of various endangered and rare plant species has been contemplated, and the same will be covered in this chapter.

Insight View of Topical Trends on Synthetic Seeds of Rare and Endangered Plant Species and Its Future Prospects

Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal is used in traditional medicine to treat diseases and has numerous pharmacological properties due to its biological compounds. The plant is a subshrub native to Asia, especially the tropical and temperate regions of western Asia. Its medicinal effects derive from its biological components, which are linked to human health. Conventional medicine uses these compounds to treat a variety of diseases, such as neurological issues, diabetes, and asthma. The long-term benefits of W. coagulans necessitate conservation strategies and plant biotechnological techniques such as micropropagation, synthetic seed, cell suspension, and hairy root elicitation technology, and genetic transformation can all play significant roles in conservation and sustainable utilization of the biological compounds for clinical uses. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the W. cogaulans medicinal properties, potential applications, and innovative approaches for sustainable utilization, making it a unique contribution to the existing body of knowledge. Multi-omics methods for the production of withanolides were also examined in order to gain a better understanding of the genome structure, prospective genes, and candidate proteins involved in the production. 

Biotechnological Intervention and Withanolide Production in Withania coagulans

Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal is an important and high-value medicinal plant of Solanaceae It is popularly called Indian cheese maker or vegetable rennet Plant possesses multiple medicinal properties, and the reproductive failure and overexploitation from wild habitat forced this species towards the verge of complete extinction Plant tissue culture and recent advancements in the field of biotechnology like genomics, proteomics and metabolomics have enormous potential for the genetic improvement of plant species and facilitate the development of new methods for plant germplasm conservation, evaluation and improvement Though W coagulans is known for multiple medicinal properties, however, it has not been given considerable attention for genetic improvement The present chapter will focus on the development and recent contribution of advanced biotechnological interventions in genetic improvement of W coagulans This chapter will provide a comprehensive information on the development of in vitro methods for conservation of germplasm, mass-scale multiplication and their employment in genetic transformation and secondary metabolite production Further genomics, proteomics and metabolomics updates on W coagulans have been discussed, and these will facilitate researchers a ready-to-use source of information

Biotechnological Advancement in an Important Medicinal Plant, Withania coagulans : An Overview and Recent Updates

Medicinal herbs and plants are the major reservoirs for new drug formulations. Owing to pharmaceutical demands and limited wild resources, it is vital to conserve genetic diversity, which is continuously under the risk of extinction due to its overexploitation which resulted in natural habitat abolition and unmonitored medicinal plant trade. To deal with this major havoc, plant biotechnological techniques and approaches such as plant tissue culture and micropropagation hold promise for conservation and rapid mass multiplication to obtain genetically elite (true to type) populations under in vitro conditions. The most critical factor that has an effect on in vitro plant propagation success is the choice and selection of plant growth regulators (i.e., auxins and cytokinins). Plant growth regulators are often supplemented in the nutrient medium to harness the totipotent potential such as development of shoots, roots and whole plants. Most commonly used cytokinin in plant tissue culture micropropagation protocols is N6-benzyladenine (BA), but nowadays meta-topolin as highly active aromatic cytokinin along with its derivatives have been largely investigated and proved as an effective alternative to BA in micropropagation protocols of medicinal plants. This chapter addresses the biotechnological application of meta-topolins such as their effect on in vitro plant regeneration, micropropagation and hardening, countering micropropagation troubles and its influences on secondary metabolite production.

Biotechnological Application of Meta-topolins as Highly Active Aromatic Cytokinins in Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants

Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal is an important medicinal plant of Solanaceae. Nodal segments obtained from field grown plants were used as explants. 1 ‐ 2 cm long nodal segment with a single one bud was cultured on MS containing 2.5 mg/l thidiazuron (TDZ), 0.1 mg/l NAA and 50 mg/l adenine sulphate (AdS) resulted in formation of 5.16 shoots per node. However, vitrification was observed in all explants within one month. On the other hand nodal explants cultured on MS supplemented with 2.50 mg/l meta‐topoline ( m T) with 0.1 mg/l NAA and 50 mg/l AdS resulted in the formation of 4.50 healthy and uniformly grown shoots per node. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 26(2): 187-195, 2016 (December)

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In vitro Shoot Multiplication of Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal

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In vitro Shoot Multiplication of Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal