Traffic signals are very cost effective tools for urban traffic management in urban areas. The number of intersections in Sweden controlled by traffic signals has increased since the seventies, but ...

Impacts of Traffic Signal Control Strategies

Internet of Things (IoT) is an important upcoming technology for making infrastructures of our society smart and adaptable to the users’ needs. One such infrastructure is transportation. This article discusses existing methods and algorithms for automated management of traffic flows with a purpose of identifying hot spots and methods for applying IoT in this sector. Advantages and disadvantages of the existing methods are discussed, including evaluation of their effectiveness.

IoT in Traffic Management: Review of Existing Methods of Road Traffic Regulation

Despite Adaptive Traffic Control Systems (ATCS) as highly sophisticated systems are frequently delivered in a manner of a “black box”, with little additional information available. This lack of transparency impairs effective decision-making for selecting and installing the future ATCS. Consequently, ATCS installation can sometimes lead to increased operation costs, lack of evident benefits, and even a shutdown of the system. This complex situation makes apparent the need for improved and analytically-based decision-making in selecting the optimal ATCS for procurement. In the case this was a single criterion problem, decisionmaking would be intuitive. Considering that there are several alternative ATCS, multiple criteria (e.g., multiple ATCS features), preference dependence, etc., there is a need for more sophisticated evaluation methods. However, ATCS selection is semi-structured decision problem, which cannot be solved by classic mathematical models. As a result, decisionmaking primarily relies on human intuition. In addition, one has to remember that engineers and technicians within transportation agency have extensive expert knowledge about features and operation of their existing traffic signal system. This dispersed knowledge base has a potential for effective integration and organization into a decision-support system (DSS). Such DSS could facilitate effective decision-making of transportation agencies during the procurement process for ATCS. This paper suggest the use of multi-attribute decision making (MADM) for developing a DSS for ATCS selection. MADM approach and techniques could enable a coherent ordering of alternative ATCS. A framework for DSS development bases on Analytic Hierarchy Process. In order to develop an effective DSS based on AHP, this paper first focuses on comparative lessons learned from potential advantages and issues accompanying ATCS procurement, installation, and operation worldwide. Furthermore, the paper presents a set of recommendations for development of functional requirements and establishment of a MADM-based DSS. Finally, the paper concludes with potential lessons, relevant to transportation agencies worldwide.

Adaptive Traffic Control Systems: Guidelines for Development of Functional Requirements

This report summarises preliminary research undertaken in New Zealand during 2006-07 to investigate the ability of intelligent transport system (ITS) treatments, such as adaptive signal control (eg, SCATS) and variable message signs (VMS), to detect and respond to serious traffic incidents, and to determine the most appropriate traffic management strategies (in terms of overall network reliability) to apply when such incidents are detected. The study involved a literature review of techniques and software/systems currently used to manage traffic congestion and respond to incidents, and an exploratory microsimulation study modelling incident detection and response in an urban network. The research found few attempts to bring together research in the three areas of incident detection/management, ITS methods such as adaptive signal control, and network reliability measures. There is also a lack of robust incident detection available at present in New Zealand. Preliminary modelling found that SCATS can be modified to better meet additional demand due to diversions after an incident, and modelling can help to identify which particular journey paths benefit most from such incident management interventions. The findings highlighted the need for more work to be undertaken in this area in New Zealand. (a)

https://www.nzta.govt.nz/assets/resources/research/reports/346/docs/346.pdf

The effectiveness of incident management on network reliability

Background Neonatal care for preterm babies is prolonged and expensive. Our aim was to analyze and report costs associated with common preterm diagnoses during NICU stay. Methods We analyzed data from the Ontario healthcare data service. Diagnoses were collated by discharge ICD codes, and categorized by gestational age. We calculated typical non parametric statistics, and for each diagnosis we calculated median shifts and generalized linear mode. Results We included data on 12,660 infants between 23 and 30 weeks gestation in 2005-2017. Calculated cost increment with diagnosis were: Intestinal obstruction: $94,738.08 (95%CI: $70,093.3, $117,294.2), Ventriculoperitoneal shunt: $86,456.60 (95%CI: $60,773.7, $111,552.2), Chronic Lung Disease $77,497.70 (95%CI: $74,937.2, $80,012.8), Intestinal perforation $57,997.15 (95%CI:$45,324.7, $70,652.6), Retinopathy of Prematurity: $55,761.80 (95%CI: $53,916.2, $57,620.1), Patent Ductus Arteriosus $53,453.70 (95%CI: $51,206.9, $55692.7, Post-haemorrhagic ventriculomegaly $41,822.50 (95%CI: $34,590.4, $48,872.4), Necrotizing Enterocolitis $39,785 (95%CI: $35,728.9, $43,879), Meningitis $38,871.85 (95%CI: $25,272.7, $52,224.4), Late onset sepsis $32,954.20 (95%CI: $30,403.7, 35.515), Feeding difficulties $24,820.90 (95%CI: $22,553.3, $27,064.7), Pneumonia $23,781.70 (95%CI: $18,623.8, $28,881.6), Grade >2 Intraventricular Haemorrhage $14,777.38 (95%CI: $9,821.7, $20,085.2). Adjusted generalized linear model of diagnoses as coefficients for cost confirmed significance and robustness of the model. Conclusion Cost of care for preterm infant is expensive, and significantly increases with prematurity complication. Interventions to reduce those complications may enable resource allocation and better understanding of the needs of the neonatal health services.

/pdf/the-price-of-neonatal-intensive-care-outcomes-in-hospital-20kcgvgs.pdf

The price of neonatal intensive care outcomes – in-hospital costs of morbidities related to preterm birth

BACKGROUND
Right ventricular failure is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The ProtekDuo (Livanova, Uk) is a dual-lumen cannula that allows for percutaneous right ventricular support and may be connected to a centrifugal blood pump such as the TandemHeart or LifeSparc (Livanova, UK). This systematic review aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ProtekDuo right ventricular support and evaluate potential clinical variables that can influence outcomes.


METHODS
PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched. Studies meeting inclusion criteria, where ProtekDuo was used as the right ventricular assist device with reported numerical death counts for mortality as outcome measures. The primary endpoints were in-hospital 30-day and 1-year mortality rates. Secondary endpoints included ICU length of stay, conversion rates to surgical RVADs, ProtekDuo wean rates, duration of use of ProtekDuo, and adverse event rates.


RESULTS
Of 49 studies reviewed, 7 met inclusion criteria with study periods between October 2014 and November 2019. ProtekDuo was utilized due to RV failure post-LVAD insertion in 64.8% (68/105) of patients. In-hospital mortality, 30-day mortality, and 1-year mortality ranged between 9%-46%, 15%-40%, and 19%-40%, respectively. Weaning from ProtekDuo and conversion to surgical RVAD ranged between 24%-91% and 11%-35%, respectively. The ICU stay average ranged from 15.8 to 36 days and ProtekDuo mean support duration ranged from 10.5 to 58 days.


CONCLUSION
The ProtekDuo cannula is increasingly utilized as a right ventricular support device. Despite the sparse retrospective data available with variable patient characteristics and study design, percutaneous RV mechanical support via ProtekDuo cannula is a safe and feasible option.

Safety and efficacy of ProtekDuo right ventricular assist device: A systemic review.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the trends in hospitalization for kernicterus in the United States from 2006 through 2016.


METHOD
Repeated, cross-sectional analysis of the 2006 to 2016 editions of the Kids' Inpatient Database. All neonatal hospitalizations with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth or Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification code for kernicterus and admitted at age ≤28 days were included.


RESULTS
Among 16 094 653 neonatal hospitalizations from 2006 to 2016, 20.5% were diagnosed with jaundice with overall incidence of kernicterus 0.5 per 100 000. The rate of kernicterus (per 100 000) was higher among males (0.59), Asian or Pacific Islanders (1.04), and urban teaching hospitals (0.72). Between 2006 and 2016, the incidence of kernicterus decreased from 0.7 to 0.2 per 100 000 (P-trend = .03). The overall median length of stay for kernicterus was 5 days (interquartile range [IQR], 3-8 days). The overall median inflation-adjusted cost of hospitalization was $5470 (IQR, $1609-$19 989).


CONCLUSIONS
Although the incidence of kernicterus decreased between 2006 and 2016, its continued occurrence at a higher rate among Asian or Pacific Islander and Black race or ethnicity in the United States require further probing. Multipronged approach including designating kernicterus as a reportable event, strengthening newborn hyperbilirubinemia care practices and bilirubin surveillance, parental empowerment, and removing barriers to care can potentially decrease the rate of kernicterus further.

Trends and Resource Use for Kernicterus Hospitalizations in the United States.

In this project, a prototype knowledge-based expert system (KBES) integrated with a Geographic Information System (GIS) is developed. Geomedia Pro is used as the GIS interface for data entry. A software bridge is also implemented to ensure swift data exchange between Synchro, which is a commercial signal optimization software package used by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), and the developed prototype. This integration will allow the users to transfer intersection data between Synchro and the prototype KBES tool in an efficient way. The rule base of the prototype KBES was developed using the information that exists in the literature, including surveys conducted by other researchers and the simulation studies conducted by the Rutgers research team. The performance of three distinct adaptive control strategies were assessed by using a macroscopic and a microscopic simulation tool namely, PARAMICS. Prototypes for reactive (SCOOT-like), case-based/reactive (SCATS-like) and proactive/predictive (OPAC-like algorithms), each using a different control logic, were developed. These prototypes were tested for various well-calibrated New Jersey intersections. The outcome of these simulation studies was then used to develop general rules in terms of the effectiveness of using adaptive control strategies under various network and traffic conditions. The developed rule base was implemented in Visual Basic and integrated with the developed prototype. The prototype also has the capability of performing interactive macroscopic simulation of OPAC-like, SCOOT-like, and SCATS-like control strategies given the intersection and traffic characteristics. This feature was added to the KBES system to enable the user to further analyze each individual intersection. Finally, a benefit-cost analysis function is implemented and integrated to further support the decision making process. In short, the developed tool provides the NJDOT traffic engineers and decision makers with a user-friendly suite of tools to guide them in identifying the most suitable intersections for adaptive control and in accurately assessing the potential benefits over existing control.

Evaluation of Adaptive Control Strategies for NJ Highways

Theoretically, adaptive control strategies (ACS) have the ability to reduce a performance index (like delay, emission etc.) at an intersection when compared with pre-timed traffic signal control strategies. However, theoretical levels of benefit are not always achieved when these systems are implemented under real-world conditions. Errors due to detection and estimation procedures may have different effects on networks with different characteristics like geometry, traffic demand and number of phases in signaling scheme. Hence, it is beneficial to know how much improvement can be expected when these strategies are implemented on networks with different characteristics. This study compares the performance of three adaptive control strategies by using microscopic simulation tool PARAMICS. Prototypes for reactive (SCOOT-like), Case-based reactive (SCATS-like) and proactive / predictive (OPAC-like) algorithms, each using a different control logic to control signal timings, were developed in Paramics Programmer. These prototypes were tested on various well-calibrated NJ state highway intersections. It was observed that reduction in travel time achieved using these various adaptive control strategies peaked at different volume-to-capacity ratios for networks with different characteristics. The paper also identifies salient features of these distinct adaptive control strategies in terms of benefits and concludes that the benefits from these strategies tend to decrease with higher demand on cross streets at higher volume-to-capacity ratios. Jug-handle turns or closely spaced intersections also affect benefits that can be achieved using these algorithms. With higher number of phases and highly varying traffic demand, reactive algorithms are observed to be slow to respond, decreasing the level of benefits.

/pdf/evaluation-of-three-distinct-adaptive-control-strategies-for-1g7nz9i8cx.pdf

Evaluation of Three Distinct Adaptive Control Strategies for New Jersey State Highways Using Paramics

With numerous adaptive signal strategies to choose from and the ever-increasing cost of deploying new technologies, transportation professionals need to carefully determine the optimal locations of specific adaptive signal control strategies to maximize their benefits. An interoperable decision support system that not only recommends the best network location for deployment but also provides a seamless data exchange between various data sources will be extremely helpful. The development of a prototype geographic information system- (GIS-) based decision support system (DSS) to address some of these issues is presented. A novel software bridge is implemented to ensure data exchange between the most widely used traffic signal optimization and analysis software, Synchro and the developed GIS-based prototype, the Rutgers Adaptive Signal Control Selection (RASCS) DSS. Integrated modules of this unique GIS-based DSS tool—a macroscopic simulator, a rule-based expert system built up by using various sources, and ...

Evaluation and selection of adaptive traffic control strategies on transportation networks: Decision support tool based on geographic information system

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