I. Introduction The concept that proteins, in addition to steroid hormones, of gonadal origin could play a role in the inhibition of gonadatropin secretion from the anterior lobe of the pituitary was proposed more than 65 yr ago. Only recently, however, has the elucidation of the chemistry and physiology of these proposed gonadal hormones actually been achieved. Mottram and Cramer (1) reported pituitary hypertrophy as determined by the appearance of so-called castration cells in the anterior lobe of pituitary after treatment of the testes with radium. The removal of the testes leads to the development of highly vacuolated, signet-shaped basophil cells in the pituitary (2), termed castration cells, demonstrating a reciprocal relationship between the pituitary and the gonads and suggesting that a secretion of the testes has an inhibitory effect on the pituitary (3). The pituitary hypertrophy after castration or irradiation of the testes was postulated to be due to a lack of some substance from the seminal e...

Inhibins, Activins, and Follistatins: Gonadal Proteins Modulating the Secretion of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

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Inactive adults experience a 3% to 8% loss of muscle mass per decade, accompanied by resting metabolic rate reduction and fat accumulation. Ten weeks of resistance training may increase lean weight by 1.4 kg, increase resting metabolic rate by 7%, and reduce fat weight by 1.8 kg. Benefits of resistance training include improved physical performance, movement control, walking speed, functional independence, cognitive abilities, and self-esteem. Resistance training may assist prevention and management of type 2 diabetes by decreasing visceral fat, reducing HbA1c, increasing the density of glucose transporter type 4, and improving insulin sensitivity. Resistance training may enhance cardiovascular health, by reducing resting blood pressure, decreasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Resistance training may promote bone development, with studies showing 1% to 3% increase in bone mineral density. Resistance training may be effective for reducing low back pain and easing discomfort associated with arthritis and fibromyalgia and has been shown to reverse specific aging factors in skeletal muscle.

Resistance training is medicine: effects of strength training on health.

10 – the biology of metamorphosis

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Disposable diaper having an improved fastening device

Autotransplants of ovarian tissue in the anterior chamber of the eye may be studied in the lightly anesthetized rabbit. Individual follicles in such implants, consisting of two to five follicles, have been observed to contract after subcutaneous injection of urine of pregnant women. after application of rat pituitary homogenate to the cornea, and 9 to 10 hours after cervical stimulation.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/131/3415/1737.full.pdf

Hypothesis concerning the role of follicular contractions in ovulation.

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The following chemicals were employed in examining the relationship of the steroids to ovulation: ethamoxytriphetol (Mer-25) a postulated estrogen antagonist and 2-alpha-cyano-44 17-alpha-trimethylandrost-5-en-17-beta-ol-3-one (cyanoketone) a 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor. Although Mer-25 had no effect on ovulation cyanoketone caused complete inhibition of ovulation in immature rats pretreated with pregnant mare serum (PMS) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Mer-25 prevented the uterine hypertrophy which usually results from the administration of HCG but this inhibition decreased as the dose increased. Sprague-Dawley rats 22 days of age were used. At age 24 days 30 IU of PMS in 1 ml of saline was given im. 40-44 hours later animals were given 30 IU of HCG iv. Experimental animals received either Mer-25 or cyanoketone prior to receiving HCG. The Mer-25 was administered in 2 equal doses but in 3 different amounts at 12 and 6 hours before the HCG. Cyanoketone was given 3.52 mg per 100 gm body weight in a single or 2 divided doses before HCG. It was most effective when given 3 hours before HCG in a single dose. Adrenalectomy done prior to administration of HCG does not prevent ovulation while neither progesterone (500 mcg) nor progesterone and estrogen (500 mcg:1 mcg) overcome the cyanoketone block to ovulation. Ovarian steroidogenesis and ovulation are apparently related.

Inhibition of ovulation by inhibition of steroidogenesis in immature rats.

Although a gonadal regulation of hypophysial gonadotrophin secretion is established, the nature of this feedback is not fully known. In certain pathological conditions (1) or after selective destruction of the germinal epithelium (2), FSH levels are elevated whereas LH levels are not. These observations suggest that the secretion of FSH is under the control of a factor other than that controlling LH secretion (2). Recent evidence in the female (3) also supports the concept of the dissociation of secretion of FSH and LH.

Isolation and Preliminary Characterization of Inhibin-f

Acceleration of thyroxine-induced metamorphosis by prolactin antiserum.

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