Etiology of different types of root resorption requires two phases: mechanical or chemical injury to the protective tissues and stimulation by infection or pressure. Injury can be similar in various types of root resorption. The selection of proper treatment is related to the stimulation factors. Intrapulpal infection is the stimulation factor in internal root resorption and external periradicular inflammatory root resorption. Adequate root canal treatment controls intrapulpal bacteria and arrests the resorption process. In cervical root resorption, infection originates from the periodontal sulcus and stimulates the pathological process. As adequate infection control in the sulcus is unlikely, removal of granulation tissue from the resorption lacuna and sealing are necessary for repair. Removal of the stimulation factor, i.e. pressure, is the treatment of choice in root resorption related to pressure during orthodontic treatment, or an impacted tooth or tumor. In ankylotic root resorption, there is no known stimulation factor; thus, no predictable treatment can be suggested. Therefore, various types of root resorptions can be classified according to the stimulation factors: pulpal infection resorption, periodontal infection resorption, orthodontic pressure resorption, impacted tooth or tumor pressure resorption, and ankylotic resorption.

Root resorption – diagnosis, classification and treatment choices based on stimulation factors

This article reviews the literature on the use of hydrogen peroxide in three professionally administered bleaching techniques from historical, technique, and safety viewpoints. Safety over time, absolute safety, and relative safety of nonvital bleaching, in-office vital bleaching, nightguard vital bleaching, and over-the-counter bleaching kits are compared. The advantages and disadvantages of different bleaching options, as well as indications for individual or combined use of the techniques, are discussed. In addition, specific indications for the use of the nightguard vital bleaching technique are presented.

/pdf/history-safety-and-effectiveness-of-current-bleaching-5df2yiputg.pdf

History, safety, and effectiveness of current bleaching techniques and applications of the nightguard vital bleaching technique.

Nonvital Tooth Bleaching: A Review of the Literature and Clinical Procedures

Effect of bleaching on restorative materials and restorations—a systematic review

Aim To review the literature on pulp chamber and root canal obliteration in anterior teeth and to establish a clear protocol for managing teeth with fine, tortuous canal systems.

Summary  Pulp canal obliteration (PCO) occurs commonly following traumatic injuries to teeth. Approximately 4–24% of traumatized teeth develop varying degrees of pulpal obliteration that is characterized by the apparent loss of the pulp space radiographically and a yellow discoloration of the clinical crown. These teeth provide an endodontic treatment challenge; the critical management decision being whether to treat these teeth endodontically immediately upon detection of the pulpal obliteration or to wait until symptoms or signs of pulp and or periapical disease occur. The inevitable lack of responses to normal sensibility tests and the crown discoloration add uncertainty to the management; however, only approximately 7–27% of teeth with PCO will develop pulp necrosis with radiographic signs of periapical disease. Root canal treatment of teeth with pulpal obliteration is often challenging. This article discusses the various management approaches and highlights treatment strategies for overcoming potential complications.

Pulp canal obliteration: an endodontic diagnosis and treatment challenge

Fifty-eight bleached pulpless teeth were re-examined after periods of 1–8 years. Recall examination included recording of the esthetic results, clinical findings and radiographs. External root resorption was found in 4 of the cases (6.9%), and was progressive in 2 cases and arrested in 2 cases. There had not been any pre- or postoperative trauma in any of the 4 cases. The occurrence of resorption was not related to the bleaching technique used. Resorptive lesions were found to have been initiated apical to and not at the cemento-enamel junction. Esthetically, the bleaching was considered successful in only 50% of the cases, acceptable in 29% and failed in 21%. These results caution against indiscriminate use of bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, and emphasize the importance of preventive measures and postoperative follow-up of bleached pulpless teeth.

Incidence of external root resorption and esthetic results in 58 bleached pulpless teeth

Incidence of four-rooted maxillary second molars: Literature review and radiographic survey of 1,200 teeth

Endodontic therapy of bilaterally geminated permanent maxillary central incisors

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Incidence of external root resorption and esthetic results in 58 bleached pulpless teeth

Incidence of four-rooted maxillary second molars: Literature review and radiographic survey of 1,200 teeth

Endodontic therapy of bilaterally geminated permanent maxillary central incisors