Abstract The current day target for material scientists and researchers is developing a wholesome material to satisfy the parameters such as durability, manufacturability, low cost, and lightweight. Extensive research studies are ongoing on the possible application of polymer matrix composites in engineering and technology, since these materials have an edge over conventional materials in terms of performance. Hybridization of reinforcements is considered to be a better option to enhance the efficiency and performance of composite materials. Accordingly, research studies focus on the surface treatment of natural fibers and the addition of nanofillers (natural or synthetic) by industry and academia to take the properties and application of composites to the next level. This review purely focuses on the influence of fillers on the properties of composites along with the probable application of filler-based polymer composites.

/pdf/influence-of-filler-material-on-properties-of-fiber-1l3xavoz.pdf

Influence of filler material on properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review

Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a widely used model for runoff, non-point source pollution, and other complex hydrological processes under changing environments (groundwater flow, evapotranspiration, snow melting, etc.). This paper reviews the key characteristics and applications of SWAT. Since its inception in the 1990s, there has been a significant increase in the number of articles related to the SWAT model. In the last 10 years, the number of articles almost reached 4000. The range of applications varies between small and large scales; however, large watershed modelling dominates in North America and Asia. Moreover, the prevailing modelling is related to hydrological impacts in a changing environment, which is a global problem. The significant shortcoming of the SWAT model is the vast quantity of data necessary to run the model to generate accurate and reliable results, which is not accessible in some regions of the world. Apart from its accessibility, it has several advantages, including continuous development, which results in a slew of new interfaces and tools supporting the model. Additionally, it can simulate human activity and agricultural measures and adapt to new circumstances and situations. This article emphasizes weaknesses and strengths of SWAT model application on modelling of hydrological processes in changing climate and environment.

/pdf/fields-of-application-of-swat-hydrological-model-a-review-2qyyxmjv.pdf

Fields of Application of SWAT Hydrological Model—A Review

Increasing land occupancy for farming without conservation principles, particularly in the Indonesian island of Java, is resulting in a severe erosion problem. This study investigated the characteristics of soil erosion and the spatial contribution of land use and land slope on erosion under the tropical climate in a watershed scale. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation model with locally source parameters assessment in a Geographic Information Systems was used for soil erosion calculation. Erosion (in unit t ha−1 yr−1) and land slope were classified into five classes. Meanwhile, the types of land use were classified into six types. The results showed critical erosions largely occurred in steeply sloping areas, where the main source of erosion was farmland. We found that land cultivation practices have more potential to increase soil erosion in slopes steeper than 15%, and the large amount of erosions were generated from some small areas of the watershed. This study also demonstrated the land slope and erosion correlation equations for five land slope classes, which detected that the largest effect of land slope on erosion was recognized in the low sloping areas. These findings indicated erosion studies in various land slope zones were necessary to understand the uniqueness of erosion in specific land slope areas. The present study provides a fundamental knowledge of land slope zonations for erosion control planning particularly in high-risk erosion areas.

Investigating spatial contribution of land use types and land slope classes on soil erosion distribution under tropical environment

Valorizing renewable cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass toward functional products

Isolation and Characterization of Highly Thermal Stable Microcrystalline Cellulose Derived from Belulang Grass (Eleusine indica)

Quantitative evaluation of soil erosion rates provides important baseline data to investigate, manage and improve land use systems. However, soil erosion analyses have not been sufficiently conducted in Indonesia. In the present study, we investigated the spatial distribution of soil erosion rates in relationship to land use patterns in the Sumani agricultural watershed, the primary rice-producing region in West Sumatra. The soil erosion rate was estimated applying the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) using representative soil survey data obtained in the watershed. Sediment delivery ratio (SDR, i.e. sediment yield / soil erosion rate) was determined from sediment yield data, which was generated in a previous study. Soil erosion rate in the Sumani watershed was estimated as 43.13 Mg ha-1y-1 in 1992 and 58.91 Mg ha-1y-1 in 2002 (annual averages). These values are far greater than the tolerable soil erosion rates (TER) for Indonesia i.e. 14 Mg ha-1y-1. Natural factors, including heavy rainfall and local soil properties in a landscape susceptible to soil erosion were the fundamental factors responsible for the high soil erosion in the watershed. In addition to these causes, changes in land use accelerated soil erosion. From 1992 to 2002, the soil erosion rate showed a 37% increase due to forest conversion to agricultural fields. SDR in five sub-watersheds exhibited relatively small values ranging from 6% to 15%, indicating an accumulation of eroded soil particles in flat areas in the lower part of the watershed where the land is primarily allocated to sawah.

Soil erosion characterization in an agricultural watershed in West Sumatra, Indonesia

In the present study, we provide a land use planning recommendation for land conservation and agro-economical production for the Sumani watershed in West Sumatra, Indonesia, where intensive agriculture has long been practiced. We based our land conservation management recommendations on soil erosion rates using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) determined in our previous paper (Aflizar et al. 2010). Our land use planning vision is to maintain current land use practices as much as possible. In sites where the soil erosion rate remains less than the tolerable erosion rate (TER) (14 Mg ha-1 y-1; a rate set by the Indonesian government) land use was not altered. When soil erosion rates exceeded the TER, we selected a new land use with a smaller CP-factor than the former land practice to reduce soil erosion rates. The recommended land use planning resulted in a 16.1% change distributed as follows: vegetable gardens with terracing (10%), vegetable gardens with contour cropping (1.8%) and sawah (4.3%). The changes made in the recommended land use plans could reduce soil erosion rates by 88%, a reduction from 58.9 to 7.1 Mg ha-1 y-1, with a total profit loss in agricultural production of only 3.9% in the Sumani watershed.

A land use planning recommendation for the Sumani watershed, West Sumatera, Indonesia

Hydroponics is a choice for people who wish to plant various types of plants that can be consumed daily by the growers. In addition, hydroponics is one method of growing crops on a small area of land so that it is highly suitable for cultivation in urban areas. However, this system has several shortcomings, particularly how hydroponics requires a controlled environment, especially in monitoring temperature and humidity. Temperature and humidity need to be monitored and controlled to avoid reducing the quality of the plants and prevent them from withering. Therefore, aBlynk-based nutrition monitoring system (IoT) is needed to save time. This IoT system is built using a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller which is supported by internet access.

Hydroponic Box Design with an IoT Monitoring System

ABSTRACT Cellulose is the main component of natural fibers whose content varies greatly depending on the type of plant and its treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the effect of chemical treatment on natural fiber properties. This study successfully extracted the content from Pandan duri (Pandanus tectorius) fiber through alkalization, bleaching, and acid hydrolysis. The effect of these chemical treatments on the characteristics of fiber surface, shape, chemical composition, crystallinity, and thermal properties was examined and analyzed. Subsequently, the cellulose components in the structure and the removal of lignin groups were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy spectrum analysis. The surface morphology analysis was done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that showed the raw fiber surface was still in the structure of bundles. However, it was decomposed into cellulose fibrils after chemical treatment with a diameter of about 2 µm – 20 µm. The chemical composition for cellulose content increased by 90.5%, while hemicellulose decreased by 89.6% after acid hydrolysis treatment. Also, X-ray (XRD) analysis showed crystallinity increased from 39.5% for raw fibers to 67.7% after the hydrolysis. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed higher degradation temperature of micro cellulose offered better thermal stability compared to raw fibers. In conclusion, the cellulose from Pandanus tectorius fiber can be used to reinforce biocomposites as an alternative to synthetic fibers for sustainability of environment.

Isolation and Characterization of New Cellulosic Microfibers from Pandan Duri (Pandanus Tectorius) for Sustainable Environment

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Soil erosion characterization in an agricultural watershed in West Sumatra, Indonesia

A land use planning recommendation for the Sumani watershed, West Sumatera, Indonesia

Hydroponic Box Design with an IoT Monitoring System

Isolation and Characterization of New Cellulosic Microfibers from Pandan Duri (Pandanus Tectorius) for Sustainable Environment