Chitosan, a biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide derived from chitin, has surfaced as a material of promise for drug delivery and biomedical applications. Different chitin and chitosan extraction techniques can produce materials with unique properties, which can be further modified to enhance their bioactivities. Chitosan-based drug delivery systems have been developed for various routes of administration, including oral, ophthalmic, transdermal, nasal, and vaginal, allowing for targeted and sustained release of drugs. Additionally, chitosan has been used in numerous biomedical applications, such as bone regeneration, cartilage tissue regeneration, cardiac tissue regeneration, corneal regeneration, periodontal tissue regeneration, and wound healing. Moreover, chitosan has also been utilized in gene delivery, bioimaging, vaccination, and cosmeceutical applications. Modified chitosan derivatives have been developed to improve their biocompatibility and enhance their properties, resulting in innovative materials with promising potentials in various biomedical applications. This article summarizes the recent findings on chitosan and its application in drug delivery and biomedical science.

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Chitosan: A Potential Biopolymer in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications

Recent progressions in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of chitosan nanoparticles: A comprehensive review.

Polyphenol-driving assembly for constructing chitin-polyphenol-metal hydrogel as wound dressing.

Integrating structural anisotropy, excellent mechanical properties, and superior sensing capability into conductive hydrogels is of great importance to wearable flexible electronics yet challenging. Herein, inspired from the aligned structure of human muscle, we proposed a facile and universal method to construct an anisotropic hydrogel composed of polyacrylamide and sodium alginate by pre-stretching in a confined geometry and subsequent ionic cross-linking. The designed hydrogels showed extraordinary mechanical performances, such as ultrahigh stretchability, a comparable modulus to that of human tissues, and good toughness, ascribed to their anisotropically aligned polymer networks. Additionally, the hydrogel possessed anisotropic conductivity due to the anisotropy in ion transport channels. The hydrogel along the vertical direction was further cut and assembled into a flexible strain sensor, exhibiting a low detection limit (0.1%), wide strain range (1585%), rapid response (123 ms), distinct resilience, good stability, and repeatability, thereby being capable of monitoring and discriminating different human movements. In addition, the relatively high ionic conductivity and superior sensitivity enabled the anisotropic hydrogel sensor to be used for wireless human-machine interaction. More interestingly, the Ca2+-cross-linking strategy also endowed the hydrogel sensor with antifreezing ability, further broadening their working temperature. This work is expected to speed up the development of hydrogel sensors in the emerging wearable soft electronics.

Ultrastretchable, Antifreezing, and High-Performance Strain Sensor Based on a Muscle-Inspired Anisotropic Conductive Hydrogel for Human Motion Monitoring and Wireless Transmission.

Chitosan (CS), a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer produced from chitin, has attracted interest in drug delivery due to its unique properties and diverse applications. Over the past decade, chitosan-based devices have been developed for targeted and regulated drug delivery. This review discusses current advances in chitosan-based drug delivery, focusing on formulations, methods and applications. Films, hydrogels, microparticles and CS nanoparticles transport tiny molecules (drugs, or other chemical agents), proteins, peptides and nucleic acids, according to research. The mucoadhesive properties of CS improve the absorption of drugs on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and eyes. The study also highlights the theranostic potential of CH-based devices that combine therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities. The study also looks at the latest advances in customized and stimuli-responsive delivery of CH-based drugs. Despite tremendous progress, consistency of drug release and reduction in immunogenicity remain a concern. As research continues into innovative modifications, nanotechnologies and theranostic techniques to improve CH-based drug delivery systems, the future appears promising. This review examines current advances in chitosan-based drug delivery and their likely impact on personalised medicine and targeted therapy. 

Advances in chitosan-based drug delivery systems: A comprehensive review for therapeutic applications

Anisotropic structure is key for exploring the biomimetic functions of anisotropic hydrogels. However, the anisotropic hydrogel study should not be limited to its architecture design but must include the understanding and improvement of the internal interaction among their components. Herein, a noncovalent mediated assembly strategy is proposed to simultaneously improve the chitin chain mobility and enhance the interfacial interaction, for achieving anisotropic chitin/2D material (molybdenum disulfide and brushite as example) hydrogels via mechanical deformation. Tannic acid (TA) is used to i) introduce the dynamic noncovalent crosslinking structure among the chitin chains for affording considerable molecular mobility to allow chitin chains alignment under mechanical deformation; ii) enhance chitin–2D interfacial interaction for benefiting 2D materials orientation under the chitin chains driving. The design concept achieves multiple noncovalent assembly crosslinks (chitin–chitin, chitin–TA, and chitin–TA–2D) and biomimetic anisotropic nanofibrous morphology, leading to the superior mechanical performance. The anisotropic chitin–TA/brushite hydrogel effectively accelerates bone regeneration by promoting cell osteogenic differentiation and directional migration, showing potential in tissue engineering. It is anticipated that the noncovalent mediated assembly concept could be used to fabricate other polymer based composite anisotropic hydrogels for diverse applications.

Anisotropic Hybrid Hydrogels Constructed via the Noncovalent Assembly for Biomimetic Tissue Scaffold

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.11.018

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate/mineralization precursors co-delivery hollow mesoporous nanosystem for synergistic manipulation of dentin exposure

Extracellular matrix-mimicking nanofibrous chitosan microspheres as cell micro-ark for tissue engineering.

Corrigendum to "Epigallocatechin-3-gallate/mineralization precursors co-delivery hollow mesoporous nanosystem for synergistic manipulation of dentin exposure" [Bioact. Mater. 23 (2023) 394-408].

With the development of autonomous driving technology, higher-level autonomous driving is hopeful to be applied in vehicles, and drivers control of the car will also be replaced by intelligent algorithms. At the same time, a question has been raised as to whether the traditional steering wheel can be replaced when advanced autonomous driving becomes commonplace. To this end, a survey on steering wheelless cars was conducted to explore the feasibility of autonomous vehicles without the steering wheel. As a result, the operational data of Waymo and Apollo, two Robotaxi (a self-driving car operated by a ridesharing company) companies in the United States and China, is analyzed. The results show that at this stage, autonomous driving cannot fully control the car, and the driver still needs to take over the vehicle in complex situations. Of course, according to the data, Miles per Intervention (MPI) is gradually rising and is expected to reach a reasonable expectation, so steering wheelless cars still have a certain feasibility in the future.

Exploration of the feasibility of steering wheelless cars based on Robotaxi operation data

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