Spatiotemporal changes and driving forces of ecological security in the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration, China: Quantification using health-services-risk framework

Urbanisation affects the health and stability of ecosystem significantly. Constructing a scientific ecological security pattern (ESP) is of paramount importance for safeguarding the health of ecosystems within a region, optimising ecological spaces, and ensuring sustainability. To investigate the effect of urbanisation on the ESP, we utilised the Vigour–Organisation–Resilience-Services (VORS) model to analyse the changes in ecosystem health (EH) and identify degraded areas in the city of Chengdu. In this case study. We used the Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) Model to predict the urban expansion trends in 2035 and evaluate the changing ESP. Additionally, we used the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model and circuit theory to construct an ecological network to facilitate multilayer planning of ESP. We identified an ecological source area of approximately 4484.29 km2 and a recovery zone of 1608.35 km2 for managing EH degradation within the ecological source. An ecological conservation zone of 987.48 km2 with restricted development outside the ecological source, and a restoration zone of 71.66 km2 to mitigate the impact of urban expansion on ecological security were also identified. Seven stable corridors with consistent spatial patterns and pressure levels and six potential corridors await restoration. Based on the analysis of changes in ecosystem health and dynamic ESPs, different scenarios were simulated for 2035. The findings suggested significant variations in EH and ESP around 2010 despite rapid expansion in Chengdu. The ecological environment was partially restored by increasing the land area and controlling its contraction. Therefore, scientific planning of ESPs, limiting the boundaries of urban expansion, and accurately assessing the health of ecosystems are crucial for ensuring ecological security. 

Prediction of ecological security patterns based on urban expansion: A case study of Chengdu

Watershed ecological security (ES), which is fundamental to regional sustainable development, consists of ecological risk (ER), ecosystem health (EH), and ecosystem services (ESs). It remains unclear how to describe the status of regional ES by integrating the three key characteristics, and little is known about the differences among the factors driving ER, EH, ESs, and ES. Here, we established an integrated assessment system of regional ES based on the cause–effect relationship of ER, EH, and ESs. We quantified the ES characteristics in the Huaihe River Basin of China in 2020 and pinpointed the factors (i.e., natural environment, urbanization, accessibility) driving their spatial differentiation using the Geodetector model. Results showed that: (1) in the study area, ER and EH were at the average level, and ESs and ES were at the high level. (2) ER, EH, ESs, and ES had positive spatial correlations (Moran’ I > 0.60), with ER and EH having the strongest spatial dependence. (3) Natural environmental factors predominantly influenced ER, EH, and ESs. Slope was the primary driver for ER and ESs (q-value = 0.492 and 0.395, respectively), and vegetation coverage was the major driver for EH (q-value = 0.506). (4) ES was mainly influenced by urbanization factors, the proportion of construction land area exhibiting the highest explanatory power (q-value = 0.751), and the interaction with vegetation coverage being the strongest (q-value = 0.836). This study provides new ideas and methods for the assessment of regional ES, and holds positive implications for the protection and management of regional ecosystems. 

Integrating ecological risk, ecosystem health, and ecosystem services for assessing regional ecological security and its driving factors: Insights from a large river basin in China

Regional differences and driving forces of ecosystem health in Yangtze River Basin, China

With the rapid pace of global urbanization, the conflict between the needs of human economic development and ecological conservation is becoming increasingly prominent. As an important habitat along the global migratory routes of migratory birds in East Asia, the construction of an ecological network for the bird communities in Foshan City is essential to protect urban biodiversity. In this research, we employs the Maximum Entropy Model (MaxEnt) and the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) to identify ecological source sites in Foshan City based on bird migration characteristics and habitat requirements, and calculated the minimum threshold for the area of ecological source area by using the granularity inverse method. Secondly, the entropy weight method (EWM) and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) are combined to establish a comprehensive resistance surface. Finally, circuit theory and hydrological analysis principles are utilized to construct ecological network. The findings reveal the following: The landscape component structure is best at a grain size of 1400 m, and a minimum threshold area of 1.96 km2 is identified for ecological sources in Foshan. A total of 19 ecological sources, spanning a combined area of 636.09 km2, have been identified. These sites are mainly clustered in the north, south-west and east of Foshan City. In terms of ecological corridors, this research shows the existence of 51 corridors with a total length of 501.84 km. These corridors include 7 first-level corridors, 25 s-level corridors, and 19 potential corridors (including 15 radiating routes). At the same time, we identified 88 ecological nodes, including 10 critical ecological nodes and 78 general ecological nodes. Lastly, the ecological network closure index (α), connectivity index (β), connectivity rate index (γ), and connectivity density index (ρ) after optimization of hydrological analysis grew to 0.84, 2.43, 0.89, and 0.16, respectively. This study can provide data support for optimizing the future ecological security pattern and bird diversity conservation in Foshan. 

Ecological network construction for bird communities in high-density urban areas: A perspective of integrated approaches

Temporal-spatial change of China's coastal ecosystems health and driving factors analysis.

Study on suitability assessment of waterbird habitats along the Bohai Rim

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Temporal-spatial change of China's coastal ecosystems health and driving factors analysis.

Study on suitability assessment of waterbird habitats along the Bohai Rim