Continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI QKD) can defend all detection-side attacks effectively. Therefore, the source side is the final battlefield for performing quantum hacking attacks. This paper investigates the practical security of a CV-MDI QKD system under a light-injection attack. Here, we first describe two different light-injection attacks, i.e., the induced-photorefractive attack and the strong-power injection attack. Then, we consider three attack cases where Eve only attacks one of the parties or both parties of the CV-MDI QKD system. Based on the analysis of the parameter estimation, we find that the legitimate communication parties will overestimate the secret key rate of the system under the effect of a light-injection attack. This opens a security loophole for Eve to successfully obtain secret key information in a practical CV-MDI QKD system. In particular, compared to the laser-damage attack, the above attacks use a lower power of injected light and have a more serious effect on the security of the system. To eliminate the above effects, we can enhance the practical security of the system by doping the lithium niobate material with various impurities or by using protective devices, such as optical isolators, circulators, optical power limiters, and narrow-band filters. Apart from these, we can also use an intensity monitor or a photodetector to detect the light-injection attack. 

Light-injection attack against practical continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution systems

Quantum Key Distribution. A survey on current vulnerability trends and potential implementation risks.

With the growing focus and development on the industrialization of the research and development (R&D) outcomes of universities, academic patents have witnessed significant growth in recent years. However, previous development directions for the technologies of academic patents have mostly focused on patents approved by or applied for with major patent offices; few have examined from the perspective of standard-essential patents (SEPs). This study examined key technologies of academic SEPs through network analysis. The findings revealed that most of the key technologies of academic SEPs are involved in wireless communication networks and the transmission of digital information, electric digital data processing, control or regulating systems, and secret communication systems. Among these, secret communication systems are key technologies in academia, and more scientific research resources should be invested in secret communication R&D in the future. In addition, the key technologies of academic SEPs have changed; specifically, image coding technology has undergone major developments. Accordingly, this study developed a key technology network model for academic standard-essential patents to verify those academic technologies that are vital to industrial applications.

https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221114331

Examining Key Technologies Among Academic Patents Through an Analysis of Standard-Essential Patents

Measurement Device Independent Multi-carrier Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution

Maximal planar networks with exponential degree distribution

In a practical continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) system, the optical amplifier can be used to improve the performance of the system by compensating for the imperfections of the detectors. However, the eavesdropper Eve can actively utilize a reverse external magnetic field to deteriorate the performance of the optical amplifier, which may affect the practical security of the system. In this paper, we investigate the practical security of a CVQKD system with an optical amplifier under the effect of the reverse external magnetic field. Based on the investigation of the parameter estimation under the above influence, we find that the evaluation of the secret key rate may be overestimated, which will open a security loophole for Eve to successfully launch an intercept-resend attack in the practical CVQKD system with an optical amplifier. In order to close this security loophole, we can monitor the reverse external magnetic field or change the type of the optical isolator to make the secret key rate of the system evaluated exactly. 

Practical security of continuous-variable quantum key distribution with an optical amplifier

The family of planar graphs is a particularly important family and models many real-world networks. In this paper, we propose a principled framework based on the widely-known Apollonian packing process to generate new planar network, i.e., Type-II Apollonian network $\mathcal{A}_{t}$. The manipulation is different from that of the typical Apollonian network, and is proceeded in terms of the iterative addition of triangle instead of vertex. As a consequence, network $\mathcal{A}_{t}$ turns out to be hamiltonian and eulerian, however, the typical Apollonian network is not. Then, we in-depth study some fundamental structural properties on network $\mathcal{A}_{t}$, and verify that network $\mathcal{A}_{t}$ is sparse like most real-world networks, has scale-free feature and small-world property, and exhibits disassortative mixing structure. Next, we design an effective algorithm for solving the problem of how to enumerate spanning trees on network $\mathcal{A}_{t}$, and derive the asymptotic solution of the spanning tree entropy, which suggests that Type-II Apollonian network is more reliable to a random removal of edges than the typical Apollonian network. Additionally, we study trapping problem on network $\mathcal{A}_{t}$, and use average trapping time as metric to show that Type-II Apollonian network $\mathcal{A}_{t}$ has better structure for fast information diffusion than the typical Apollonian network.

Type-II Apollonian Model

Type-II Apollonian network: More robust and more efficient Apollonian network

In a practical continuous‐variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) system, a new security loophole opened by the photorefractive effect of lithium niobate‐based (LN‐based) modulators is explored. Exploiting this loophole, a quantum hacking strategy called the induced‐photorefraction attack is proposed. This strategy utilizes the induced photorefraction on the LN‐based modulators to conceal a classical intercept‐resend attack. Specifically, the induced photorefraction biases the response curve of the LN‐based modulator, which affects the intensity of the modulated signal. Based on the investigation of channel parameter estimation and the analysis of the secret key rate of the practical CVQKD system, the simulation results show that the communication parties overestimate the secret key rate, which reveals that Eve can actively open a security loophole via the induced‐photorefraction attack to obtain secret key information. To defend against this attack, a random monitoring scheme for modulation variance is proposed to detect the attack, along with an improved optical power limiter to mitigate the irradiation beam. Additionally, a Sagnac‐based IM is suggested to stabilize the practical CVQKD system. Furthermore, the impact of this attack is analyzed on continuous‐variable measurement‐device‐independent QKD systems ((CV‐MDI‐QKD) and on local‐local‐oscillator (LLO) systems and propose countermeasures for each. Finally, the passive‐state‐preparation CVQKD protocol is proposed to fundamentally close the security loopholes originating from the modulators.

Quantum Hacking: Induced‐Photorefraction Attack on a Practical Continuous‐Variable Quantum Key Distribution System

pdf/self-attention-u-net-decoder-for-toric-codes-1vs0ew310b4f.pdf

Self-attention U-Net decoder for toric codes

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