At present, power electronic transformers (PETs) have been widely used in power systems. With the increase of PET capacity to the megawatt level. the problem of increased losses need to be taken seriously. As an important indicator of power electronic device designing, losses have always been the focus of attention. At present, the losses are generally measured through experiments, but it takes a lot of time and is difficult to quantitatively analyze the internal distribution of PET losses. To solve the above problems, this article first qualitatively analyzes the losses of power electronic devices and proposes a loss calculation method based on pure simulation. This method uses the Discrete State Event Driven (DSED) modeling method to solve the problem of slow simulation speed of large-capacity power electronic devices and uses a loss calculation method that considers the operating conditions of the device to improve the calculation accuracy. For the PET prototype in this article, a losses model of the PET is established. The comparison of experimental and simulation results verifies the feasibility of the losses model. Then the losses composition of PET was analyzed to provide reference opinions for actual operation. It can help pre-analyze the losses distribution of PET, thereby providing a potential method for improving system efficiency.

/pdf/a-discrete-state-event-driven-simulation-based-losses-1h4v2n6krp.pdf

A discrete state event driven simulation based losses analysis for multi-terminal megawatt power electronic transformer

The paper gives a complete design and analysis of a 105 W Flyback transformer operating in a critical conduction mode. One of the challenges of CrCM Flyback is the high peak and RMS current that flows in the converter which lead to a higher winding loss in the transformer. Selecting a transformer core and wire size become an important criterion for an efficient operation of the converter. The paper shows a complete loss analysis of the Flyback transformer which includes calculating core loss and copper loss (both AC and DC winding loss). Four transformers were built for the 105 W Flyback prototype and their loss breakdown has been shown.

High Frequency Transformer Design and Winding Loss Analysis of Critical Conduction Mode Flyback

This paper focuses on the study of the high frequency transformer incorporated in solid- state transformers, specifically on the development of the steps that enable the design of an optimized high frequency transformer and its equivalent model based on the desired characteristics. The impact of operating a transformer at high frequency and the respective solutions that allow this impact to be reduced are analyzed, alongside the numerous advantages that the utilization of these transformers has over traditional 50/60 Hz transformers. Furthermore, the power scheme of the solid-state transformer is outlined, focusing on the power converters, which are immediately before and after the high frequency transformer (HFT). We also investigate a control technique that allows for correct operation and the existence of power bidirectionality. In a novel approach, this paper demonstrates the systematic steps for designing an HFT according to the desired specifications of each given project, helping students and engineers achieve their objectives in power-electronic applications. Moreover, this paper aims at increasing the knowledge of this area of power electronics and facilitating the development of new topologies with high power density, which are very important to the integration of renewable power sources and other applications. Finally, a simulation is presented to validate a high frequency transformer and its control technique.

/pdf/high-frequency-transformers-for-solid-state-transformer-2n0f9n87.pdf

High Frequency Transformers for Solid-State Transformer Applications

This paper describes the design of a middle-frequency power transformer, its material composition and the design of the magnetic circuit and windings, operating in the frequency range 800 to 2000Hz, with a capacity of 200kVA, air-cooled, to be fed from a suitable frequency converter, characterized by reduced noise. The proposed solution allows the implementation of galvanically isolated DC-DC converters for auxiliary traction drives and other DC-DC converters. 

/pdf/high-power-high-frequency-transformer-design-constrains-3jjwkrt9.pdf

High power - high frequency transformer design constrains

Modeling a resonant transformer based on a multifunctional integrated electromagnetic component in MatLab

When designing a series resonant converter, a resonant inductor is usually connected on series in the circuit which leads to an increase in the weight of the device. If the leakage inductance of the transformer is used as a resonant inductor, the weight will be reduced, but the high-frequency leakage flux will bring higher losses. In order to solve this problem, this paper deduces the analytical expression of leakage inductance with respect to winding spacing by magnetic field partitioning method, and constructs a mathematical model about the weight of series resonant inductor. The minimum weight is set as the optimization target, the transformer efficiency as constraints. The Fmincon function in matlab is used to obtain the optimal value of the winding spacing. A three-winding transformer prototype with rated working frequency of 15 kHz and rated power of 25 kW was designed and wounded through this method. The experimental results of the transformer were consistent with the theoretical calculations. The optimization method in this paper can provide reference for the design of high frequency transformers for series resonant converters.

Optimum Design of High Frequency Transformer Based on Winding Spacing

We propose an innovative optimization method for axial flux machine that keeps the output torque constant in the process of weight reduction. A concept of framework is introduced that provides guidance for optimization design on how to choose and redesign the relevant parameters. Unlike the conventional algorithms that search candidates in sample space, new designs with reduced weight are directly determined by following the developed optimization strategy using two-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). The torque error is restricted by a maximum allowable error introduced in the framework. A single-sided axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine is used as a starting design. A total of 29 new designs are derived with gradually varying optimization variables. The optimization trend and limit are investigated with respect to the redesigned parameters as well as the resulting weights, which provide an overview for selecting optimal design. At last, the torque of every design is verified by both two-dimensional and three-dimensional FEA. The effectiveness of proposed method is demonstrated by the result that the weight is significantly and continuously reduced as the independent optimization variable increases while the torque error remains in a small extent. 

Proposal of Torque-Correct-by-Construction Optimization Method for Axial Flux Machines

This paper proposes a novel structure adopting combination of two sets of windings for axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machines in order to improve maximum output torque. A conventional AFPM machine is given as baseline design. Upon which, a new design with two windings is introduced. The two windings are axially superimposed with different radial lengths. The first winding takes less turns per phase to achieve a smaller inner diameter while the second winding has the reduced number of turns per phase to compensate the reduced current excitation for the original air-gap space. A new kind of stator is proposed to accommodate the two sets of windings. The two machines are compared from different aspects. The torque is significantly improved by extending the air-gap inward. Comparing with the conventional single winding, the design of superimposed windings allows different current excitations possible for different areas of air-gap.

Axially Superimposed Windings with Different Radial Lengths to Increase Torque Capacity of Axial Flux Machines

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Papers

Optimum Design of High Frequency Transformer Based on Winding Spacing

Proposal of Torque-Correct-by-Construction Optimization Method for Axial Flux Machines

Axially Superimposed Windings with Different Radial Lengths to Increase Torque Capacity of Axial Flux Machines