Structural chromosome variations (SCVs) are large-scale genomic variations that can be detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). SCVs have played important roles in the genome evolution of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), but little is known about their genetic effects. In this study, a total of 543 wheat accessions from the Chinese wheat mini-core collection (CWMCC) and Shanxi Province wheat collection (SXPWC) were used for chromosome analysis using oligonucleotide probe multiple (ONPM) FISH. A total of 139 SCVs including translocations, pericentric inversions, presence/absence variations (PAVs), and copy number variations (CNVs) in heterochromatin were identified at 230 loci. The distribution frequency of SCVs varied between ecological regions and between landraces and modern cultivars. Structural analysis using SCVs as markers clearly divided the landraces and modern cultivars into different groups. There are very clear instances illustrating alien introgression and wide application of foreign germplasms improved the chromosome diversity of Chinese modern wheat cultivars. Genome wide association study (GWAS) identified 29 SCVs associated with 12 phenotypic traits, and five (RT4AS•4AL-1DS/1DL•1DS-4AL, Mg2A-3, Mr3B-10, Mr7B-13, and Mr4A-7) of them were further validated using a DH population and advanced sib-lines, implying the potential value of these SCVs. Importantly, the number of favored SCVs that associated with agronomic trait improvement was significantly higher in modern cultivars compared to landraces, indicating positive selection in wheat breeding. This study demonstrates the significant effects of SCVs during wheat breeding and provides an efficient method of mining favored SCVs in wheat and other crops.

Genome wide association study reveals structural chromosome variations (SCVs) with phenotypic effects in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Knowledge of short-term physiological adaption of wheat to soil water deficit is well understood, but little is known about seed ethephon priming effect on stress memory against drought at the tillering stage of wheat. The 42 leading and modern cultivars released between 1991 and 2012 were subjected to drought (45% Field water-holding capacity), and well-watered (75% Field water-holding capacity) for 3 weeks to evaluate the genetic progress of wheat against drought stress. Seeds of the drought-sensitive cultivar (CM104) primed with ethephon were subjected to soil water deficit and well-watered to uncover ethephon-induced stress responses at organic, cellular, and molecular levels. Soil water deficit (45% FC) occurred at the tillering stage resulted in 3.2 to 67.4% yield loss, and genetic improvement of wheat against drought resulted in the yield loss decreased at a rate of 0.70% per year, which was determined mainly by fertile spike. Seed ethephon priming maintained leaf water under soil water deficit at the tillering stage by improving root volume and dry weight, which maintained leaf water and improved the drought avoidance capability of wheat. Seed ethephon priming decreased leaf malondialdehyde content by regulating root ERF, root to leaf ABA signaling, leaf ROS-scavenging capability, and leaf osmotic regulation, which improved the drought tolerance capability of dryland wheat. Comparative root tips transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes and pathways involved in ethylene-induced drought tolerance are associated with carbon metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. At maturity, seed ethephon priming increased fertile spikes and reduced spikelets abortion, which provided extra 0.3 t ha−1 of grain yield. These results suggested that seed ethephon priming allowed the recall of long-lasting stress defensive memory, increasing fertile spikes and grain yield by both drought avoidance and drought tolerance.

Genetic improvement combined with seed ethephon priming improved grain yield and drought resistance of wheat exposed to soil water deficit at tillering stage

Необхідність виробництва якісної продукції рослинництва та підвищення екологічної безпеки аг-роценозів потребує розв’язання низки актуальних наукових завдань, зокрема пов’язаних зі взаємодією популяцій фітопатогенних мікроміцетів із сортом культурних рослин. Проаналізовано зразки насін-ня сучасних сортів зернових злакових культур пшениці озимої, ячменю ярого і вівса щодо контаміна-ції фітопатогенними мікроміцетами. Визначено видовий склад мікроміцетів та встановлено, що насіння більшості досліджених сортів зернових злакових культур контаміновано фітопатогенними грибами родів Alternaria, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Bipolaris, Penicillium, Mucor, Epicoccum, Glicocladium, Drechslera з високою інтенсивністю спороутворення, що є екологічно небезпечним для агроценозів і спричиняє розвиток мікозних хвороб рослин. Визначено інтенсивність спороутворення, виділених патогенів із насіння зернових культур. Показано, що спектр та чисельність фітопатогенних грибів значною мірою залежить від сорту, де концентрація спор може коливатись в межах 0,1–10 млн шт./мл. Встановлено, що сорти пшениці озимої Аврора Миронівська, Подолянка, ячменю ярого МІП Шарм і вівса Скарб України характеризуються найменшим видовим різноманіттям фі-топатогенних грибів із невисокою інтенсивністю їх спороутворення і можуть бути рекомендовані до вирощування. Визначено показники якості насіння зернових культур (пшениці озимої, ячменю яро-го і вівса): енергія проростання, лабораторна схожість і інфікованість насіння патогенною мікобі-отою та виявлено зв’язок між цими показниками. Доведено необхідність обов’язкового оцінювання сортів сільськогосподарських культур як чинника формування стійких і екологічно безпечних агроце-нозів, що дасть можливість управління стійкістю агроекосистем у просторі й часі та отримання екологічно безпечної продукції рослинництва.

/pdf/sort-iak-faktor-formuvannia-stiikikh-agrotsenoziv-zernovikh-11ew9k3mxx.pdf

Сорт як фактор формування стійких агроценозів зернових культур

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12229-021-09274-y.pdf

Estimation of genetic diversity and its exploitation in plant breeding

OUP accepted manuscript

Thinopyrum bessarabicum is an important genetic resource for wheat improvement by chromosome engineering. However, the present low-resolution karyotype limits identification of its chromosomes. Oligonucleotide probes to identify tandem repeats provide an efficient way to produce high-resolution karyotypes in many species. In this study, putative tandem repeats were identified using unassembled sequence reads of Th. bessarabicum, and 306 repeat clusters were identified. Among them, 17 had conserved motifs that varied in size from 71 to 856 bp and occupied 0.01% to 1.30% of the genome. Thirty-nine oligonucleotides from 17 clusters were developed, and 21 from 8 clusters produced clear and stable signals in Th. bessarabicum chromosomes. Five tandem repeat clusters were distributed only at the telomeric or subtelomeric regions, and the BSCL242 probe produced signals only on chromosome 7JL. The other three were mainly in intercalary and centromeric regions with a few weak signals in telomeric regions. A new multiplex oligonucleotide probe (ONPM#7) containing 13 oligonucloetides distinguished all wheat and Th. bessarabicum chromosomes after one round of FISH. The high-resolution karyotype of Th. bessarabicum in corresponding with the seven homoeologous group chromosomes of wheat has been developed. Three spontaneous translocations and one isochromosome among Th. bessarabicum chromosomes introgressed into wheat thus have been characterized in combined with molecular marker analysis. The ONPM#7 probe and molecular markers provide powerful tools for engineering transfer of chromosomal segments from Th. bessarabicum to wheat.

Cytological and molecular characterization of Thinopyrum bessarabicum chromosomes and structural rearrangements introgressed in wheat

Founder wheat lines have played key role in Chinese wheat improvement. Wheat-Dasypyrum villosum translocation T6VS·6AL has been widely used in wheat breeding in recent years due to its high level of powdery mildew resistance and other beneficial genes. Reference oligo-nucleotide multiplex probe (ONMP)–FISH karyotypes of six T6VS·6AL donor lines were developed and used for characterizing 32 derivative cultivars and lines. T6VS·6AL was present in 27 cultivar/lines with 20 from southern China. Next, ONMP–FISH was used to study chromosome constitution of randomly collected wheat cultivars and advanced breeding lines from southern and northern regions of China: 123 lines from the regional test plots of southern China and 110 from northern China. In southern China, T6VS·6AL (35.8%) was the most predominant variation, while T1RS·1BL (27.3%) was the most predominant in northern China. The pericentric inversion perInv 6B derived from its founder wheat Funo and Abbondaza was the second most predominant chromosome variant in both regions. Other chromosome variants were present in very low frequencies. Additionally, 167 polymorphic chromosome types were identified. Based on these variations, 271 cultivars and lines were clustered into three groups, including southern, northern, and mixed groups that contained wheat from both regions. Different dominant chromosome variations were seen, indicating chromosome differentiation in the three groups of wheat. The clearly identified wheat lines with T6VS·6AL in different backgrounds and oligonucleotide probe set will facilitate their utilization in wheat breeding and in identifying other beneficial traits that may be linked to this translocation.

Predominant wheat-alien chromosome translocations in newly developed wheat of China

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Cytological and molecular characterization of Thinopyrum bessarabicum chromosomes and structural rearrangements introgressed in wheat

Predominant wheat-alien chromosome translocations in newly developed wheat of China