In this paper we introduce ViSiL, a Video Similarity Learning architecture that considers fine-grained Spatio-Temporal relations between pairs of videos -- such relations are typically lost in previous video retrieval approaches that embed the whole frame or even the whole video into a vector descriptor before the similarity estimation. By contrast, our Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based approach is trained to calculate video-to-video similarity from refined frame-to-frame similarity matrices, so as to consider both intra- and inter-frame relations. In the proposed method, pairwise frame similarity is estimated by applying Tensor Dot (TD) followed by Chamfer Similarity (CS) on regional CNN frame features - this avoids feature aggregation before the similarity calculation between frames. Subsequently, the similarity matrix between all video frames is fed to a four-layer CNN, and then summarized using Chamfer Similarity (CS) into a video-to-video similarity score -- this avoids feature aggregation before the similarity calculation between videos and captures the temporal similarity patterns between matching frame sequences. We train the proposed network using a triplet loss scheme and evaluate it on five public benchmark datasets on four different video retrieval problems where we demonstrate large improvements in comparison to the state of the art. The implementation of ViSiL is publicly available.

/pdf/visil-fine-grained-spatio-temporal-video-similarity-learning-7mtw6w6vc0.pdf

ViSiL: Fine-Grained Spatio-Temporal Video Similarity Learning

ViSiL: Fine-grained Spatio-Temporal Video Similarity Learning

The current research focus on Content-Based Video Retrieval requires higher-level video representation describing the long-range semantic dependencies of relevant incidents, events, etc. However, existing methods commonly process the frames of a video as individual images or short clips, making the modeling of long-range semantic dependencies difficult. In this paper, we propose TCA (Temporal Context Aggregation for Video Retrieval), a video representation learning framework that incorporates longrange temporal information between frame-level features using the self-attention mechanism. To train it on video retrieval datasets, we propose a supervised contrastive learning method that performs automatic hard negative mining and utilizes the memory bank mechanism to increase the capacity of negative samples. Extensive experiments are conducted on multiple video retrieval tasks, such as CC WEB VIDEO, FIVR-200K, and EVVE. The proposed method shows a significant performance advantage (∼ 17% mAP on FIVR-200K) over state-of-the-art methods with video-level features, and deliver competitive results with 22x faster inference time comparing with frame-level features.

/pdf/temporal-context-aggregation-for-video-retrieval-with-1me1028o53.pdf

Temporal Context Aggregation for Video Retrieval with Contrastive Learning

The current research focus on Content-Based Video Retrieval requires higher-level video representation describing the long-range semantic dependencies of relevant incidents, events, etc. However, existing methods commonly process the frames of a video as individual images or short clips, making the modeling of long-range semantic dependencies difficult. In this paper, we propose TCA (Temporal Context Aggregation for Video Retrieval), a video representation learning framework that incorporates long-range temporal information between frame-level features using the self-attention mechanism. To train it on video retrieval datasets, we propose a supervised contrastive learning method that performs automatic hard negative mining and utilizes the memory bank mechanism to increase the capacity of negative samples. Extensive experiments are conducted on multiple video retrieval tasks, such as CC_WEB_VIDEO, FIVR-200K, and EVVE. The proposed method shows a significant performance advantage (~17% mAP on FIVR-200K) over state-of-the-art methods with video-level features, and deliver competitive results with 22x faster inference time comparing with frame-level features.

Existing video copy detection methods generally measure video similarity based on spatial similarities between key frames, neglecting the latent similarity in temporal dimension, so that the video similarity is biased towards spatial information. There are methods modeling unified video similarity in an end-to-end way, but losing detailed partial alignment information, which causes the incapability of copy segments localization. To address the above issues, we propose the Video Similarity and Alignment Learning (VSAL) approach, which jointly models spatial similarity, temporal similarity and partial alignment. To mitigate the spatial similarity bias, we model the temporal similarity as the mask map predicted from frame-level spatial similarity, where each element indicates the probability of frame pair lying right on the partial alignments. To further localize partial copies, the step map is learned from the spatial similarity where the elements indicate extending directions of the current partial alignments on the spatial-temporal similarity map. Obtained from the mask map, the start points extend out into partial optimal alignments following instructions of the step map. With the similarity and alignment learning strategy, VSAL achieves the state-of-the-art F1-score on VCDB core dataset. Furthermore, we construct a new benchmark of partial video copy detection and localization by adding new segment-level annotations for FIVR-200k dataset, where VSAL also achieves the best performance, verifying its effectiveness in more challenging situations. Our project is publicly available at https://pvcd-vsal.github.io/vsal/.

pdf/video-similarity-and-alignment-learning-on-partial-video-2bzmcepq88.pdf

Video Similarity and Alignment Learning on Partial Video Copy Detection

The rapid development of social network in recent years has spurred enormous growth of near-duplicate videos. The existence of huge volumes of near-duplicates shows a rising demand on effective near-duplicate video retrieval technique in copyright violation and search result reranking. In this paper, we propose an image-based algorithm using improved Edit distance for near-duplicate video retrieval and localization. By regarding video sequences as strings, Edit distance is used and extended to retrieve and localize near-duplicate videos. Firstly, bag-of-words (BOW) model is utilized to measure the frame similarities, which is robust to spatial transformations. Then, non-near-duplicate videos are filtered out by computing the proposed relative Edit distance similarity (REDS). Next, a detect-and-refine-strategy-based dynamic programming algorithm is proposed to generate the path matrix, which can be used to aggregate scores for video similarity measure and localize the similar parts. Experiments on CC_WEB_VIDEO and TREC CBCD 2011 datasets demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method in retrieval and localization tasks.

An image-based near-duplicate video retrieval and localization using improved Edit distance

With the development of network, there exists many near-duplicate videos online shared by individuals. These ones cause problems such as copyright infringement and search result redundancy. To solve the issues, this paper proposes a filter-and-refine framework for near-duplicate video retrieval and localization. By regarding video sequences as strings, Edit distance is used and improved in the approach. Firstly, bag-of-words (BOW) model is utilized to measure the similarities between frames. Then, non-near-duplicate videos are filtered out by computing the proposed relative Edit distance similarity (REDS). Next, a dynamic programming strategy is proposed to rank the remained videos and localize the similar segments. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the method in retrieval and localization.

Near-Duplicate Web Video Retrieval and Localization Using Improved Edit Distance

The invention relates to an approximate video retrieval method based on improvement of editing distance, and belongs to the computer video processing and mode identification field. The approximate video retrieval method comprises the steps: converting a video into an image frame sequence, and using a method based on scores to calculate the similarity of two frames, thus reducing the information loss during the similarity calculating process by using a word bag model; using the improved editing distance to calculate the similarity among video sequences, wherein the query range during the retrieval process is effectively reduced by calculating the relative editing distance similarity among frame sequences; and integrating with a sequence similarity scoring method based on a dynamic planning mechanism, thus effectively reducing the error results and improving the retrieval accuracy of the method.

Approximate video retrieval method based on improvement of editing distance

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An image-based near-duplicate video retrieval and localization using improved Edit distance

Near-Duplicate Web Video Retrieval and Localization Using Improved Edit Distance

Approximate video retrieval method based on improvement of editing distance