我的台灣, 看見心靈的故鄉 =2009林磐聳藝術與設計展

This review surveys recent progress in the chemistry of polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules with a focus on structural diversity and synthetic methodology. The article covers literature published during the period of 2016-2020, providing an update to our first review of this topic (Chem. Rev.2017, 117 (4), 3479-3716).

Recent Advances in Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds.

Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) based on non-fused conjugated structures have more potential to realize low-cost organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. However, their power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) are much lower than those of the fused-ring NFAs. Herein, a new bithiophene-based non-fused core (TT-Pi) featuring good planarity as well as large steric hindrance was designed, based on which a completely non-fused NFA, A4T-16, was developed. The single-crystal result of A4T-16 reveals that a three-dimensional interpenetrating network can be formed due to the compact π–π stacking between the adjacent end-capping groups. A high PCE of 15.2% is achieved based on PBDB-TF:A4T-16, which is the highest value for the cells based on the non-fused NFAs. Notably, the device retains ~84% of its initial PCE after 1300 h under the simulated AM 1.5 G illumination (100 mW cm−2). Overall, this work provides insight into molecule design of the non-fused NFAs from the aspect of molecular geometry control. Non-fullerene acceptors based on non-fused conjugated structures have potential for realizing low-cost organic photovoltaic cells, owing to its synthetic simplicity. Here, the authors develop a non-fused molecule with a three-dimensional interpenetrating network and compact π-π stacking, which is highly suitable for PV applications.

/pdf/completely-non-fused-electron-acceptor-with-3d-ivqckgu29v.pdf

Completely non-fused electron acceptor with 3D-interpenetrated crystalline structure enables efficient and stable organic solar cell.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have gained a rapid development in the past two decades and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of single-junction OSC has recently approached 20%. The novel materials and device engineering are two key factors of this evolution. In this review, the device engineering, including morphology characterization and optimization, device physics, flexible and large-area OSCs, and stability of OSCs are systematically summarized. In addition, the current challenges, problems and future developments are also discussed. 

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11426-022-1256-8.pdf

Recent progress in organic solar cells (Part II device engineering)

Despite the remarkable progress achieved in recent years, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) still need work to approach the delicate balance between efficiency, stability, and cost. Herein, two fully non-fused electron acceptors, PTB4F and PTB4Cl, are developed via a two-step synthesis from single aromatic units. The introduction of a two-dimensional chain and halogenated terminals for these non-fused acceptors plays a synergistic role in optimizing their solid stacking and orientation, thus promoting an elongated exciton lifetime and fast charge-transfer rate in bulk heterojunction blends. As a result, PTB4Cl, upon blending with PBDB-TF polymer, has enabled single-junction OPVs with power conversion efficiencies of 12.76 %, representing the highest values among the reported fully unfused electron acceptors so far.

Simple Non‐Fused Electron Acceptors Leading to Efficient Organic Photovoltaics

Simple Nonfused Ring Electron Acceptors with 3D Network Packing Structure Boosting the Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells to 15.44

High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells Based on a Low-Cost Fully Non-Fused Electron Acceptor

In this work, inspired by the principles of a pressure cooker, we utilized a high-pressure method to address the processing challenges associated with high molecular weight polymers. Through this approach, we successfully dissolved high molecular weight D18 in chloroform at 100°C within a pressure-tight vial. The increased steam pressure raised the boiling point and dissolving capacity of chloroform, enabling the creation of a hybrid film with superior properties, including more ordered molecular arrangement, increased crystallinity, extended exciton diffusion length, and improved phase morphology. Organic solar cells (OSCs) based on D18:L8-BO prepared using this high-pressure method achieved an outstanding energy conversion efficiency of 19.65%, setting a new record for binary devices to date. Furthermore, this high-pressure method was successfully applied to fabricate OSCs based on other common systems, leading to significant enhancements in device performance. In summary, this research introduces a universal method for processing high molecular weight D18 materials, ultimately resulting in the highest performance reported for binary organic solar cells.

High-Pressure Fabrication of Binary Organic Solar Cells with High Molecular Weight D18 Yields Record 19.65% Efficiency.

Three new low-cost A1–D–A2–D–A1 type small molecule acceptors BT-IC4F, BT2F-IC4F and BTOR-IC4F have been designed and synthesized for high-performance organic solar cells (OSCs). In BT2F-IC4F and BTOR-IC4F, intramolecular noncovalent interactions are adopted to construct ladder-like planar molecular backbones. For BTOR-IC4F, the introduction of two alkoxyl chains at the 5,6-positions of the central benzothiadiazole unit can markedly improve the solubility, lift the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level, and optimize the morphology of the active layer. As expected, PBDB-T:BTOR-IC4F based OSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.48%, which is higher than those of devices based on PBDB-T:BT-IC4F (9.83%) and PBDB-T:BT2F-IC4F (8.45%). Meanwhile, the solar cells based on BTOR-IC4F demonstrate a low non-radiative energy loss of 0.28 eV.

Small molecule acceptors with a ladder-like core for high-performance organic solar cells with low non-radiative energy losses

Three terpolymer donors (PL1, PL2, and PL3) employing repeating units of two popular photovoltaic polymers PM6 and D18 are synthesized by random copolymerization. The terpolymers can reduce the regio‐regularity of the polymer backbones and endow them with much‐enhanced solubility in nonhalogenated solvents such as o‐xylene. Furthermore, along with the appearance of temperature‐dependent aggregation behavior, indicating the adaptability for fabricating organic solar cells (OSCs) by eco‐friendly solvent processing. Among them, PL1‐based OSCs display higher and more balanced hole and electron mobilities, longer charge separation exciton lifetime, and better exciton dissociation and charge collection capabilities than the parent polymers (PM6 and D18) based ones. A power conversion efficiency of   18.14% with a very low energy loss is achieved based on terpolymer PL1, which is much higher than that of PM6 (15.16%) and D18 (16.18%). The result provides an effective way to realize high‐performance nonhalogenated processing polymer donor materials.

Random Terpolymer Enabling High‐Efficiency Organic Solar Cells Processed by Nonhalogenated Solvent with a Low Nonradiative Energy Loss

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