The equivalent circuit model (ECM) is a battery model often used in the battery management system (BMS) to monitor and control lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The accuracy and complexity of the ECM, hence, are very important. State of charge (SOC) and temperature are known to affect the parameters of the ECM and have been integrated into the model effectively. However, the effect of the state of health (SOH) on these parameters has not been widely investigated. Without a good understanding of the effect of SOH on ECM parameters, parameter identification would have to be done manually through calibration, which is inefficient. In this work, experiments were performed to investigate the effect of SOH on Thevenin ECM parameters, in addition to the effect of SOC and temperature. The results indicated that with decreasing SOH, the ohmic resistance and the polarization resistance increase while the polarization capacitance decreases. An empirical model was also proposed to represent the effect of SOH, SOC, and temperature on the ECM parameters. The model was then validated experimentally, yielding good results, and found to improve the accuracy of the Thevenin model significantly. With low complexity and high accuracy, this model can be easily integrated into real-world BMS applications.

A comprehensive equivalent circuit model for lithium-ion batteries, incorporating the effects of state of health, state of charge, and temperature on model parameters

Energy storage plays an important role in the adoption of renewable energy to help solve climate change problems. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are an excellent solution for energy storage due to their properties. In order to ensure the safety and efficient operation of LIB systems, battery management systems (BMSs) are required. The current design and functionality of BMSs suffer from a few critical drawbacks including low computational capability and limited data storage. Recently, there has been some effort in researching and developing smart BMSs utilizing the cloud platform. A cloud-based BMS would be able to solve the problems of computational capability and data storage in the current BMSs. It would also lead to more accurate and reliable battery algorithms and allow the development of other complex BMS functions. This study reviews the concept and design of cloud-based smart BMSs and provides some perspectives on their functionality and usability as well as their benefits for future battery applications. The potential division between the local and cloud functions of smart BMSs is also discussed. Cloud-based smart BMSs are expected to improve the reliability and overall performance of LIB systems, contributing to the mass adoption of renewable energy.

/pdf/concept-review-of-a-cloud-based-smart-battery-management-2dohnfry.pdf

Concept Review of a Cloud-Based Smart Battery Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Feasibility, Logistics, and Functionality

In recent years, domestic and international researchers have been committed to the research of lithium-ion batteries. As the key to further improving the performance of the battery, the quality of the cathode material directly affects the performance indicators of the lithium battery; thus, the cathode material occupies the core position in the lithium-ion battery. LiFePO4 is a relatively excellent material for lithium-ion batteries, which has many advantages of low cost, high capacity, and environmental friendliness. However, as a result of the low conductivity of lithium iron phosphate and the slow diffusion rate of lithium ion, the development of lithium iron phosphate in the power battery industry is restricted. As a power battery applied in real life, there is still a lot of research space in energy density, consistency, and low-temperature performance. After years of efforts, researchers continue to explore the charging and discharging principle of lithium iron phosphate, to optimize the synthesis route, and to try coating, doping modification, and other methods to improve the performance of the material. This paper analyzes and summarizes the defects of lithium iron phosphate cathode materials and modification methods and provides an outlook on the future research direction of lithium iron phosphate. 

Review on Defects and Modification Methods of LiFePO4 Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Improvement of electrochemical reversibility of the Ni-Rich cathode material by gallium doping

Rational design on materials for developing next generation Lithium-ion secondary battery

Pt-based catalysts have attracted widespread attention in environmental protection applications, especially in the catalytic destruction of light alkane pollutants. However, developing a satisfying platinum catalyst with high activity, excellent water-resistance, and practical suitability for hydrocarbon combustion at low temperature is challenging. In this study, the Pt catalyst supported on the selected Nb2O5 oxide exhibited an efficient catalytic activity in propane oxidation and exceeded that of most catalysts reported in the literature. More importantly, the Pt/Nb2O5 catalyst maintained excellent activity and durability even after high-temperature aging at 700 °C and under harsh working conditions, such as a certain degree of moisture, high space velocity, and composite pollutants. The excellent performance of the Pt/Nb2O5 catalyst was attributed to the abundant metallic Pt species stabilized on the surface of Nb2O5, which prompted the C-H bond dissociation ability as the rate-determining step. Furthermore, propane was initially activated via oxidehydrogenation and followed the acrylate species path as a more efficient propane oxidation path on the Pt/Nb2O5 surface. Overall, Pt/Nb2O5 can be considered a promising catalyst for the catalytic oxidation of alkanes from industrial sources and could provide inspiration for designing superb catalysts for the oxidation of light alkanes.

Highly Efficient Oxidation of Propane at Low Temperature over a Pt-Based Catalyst by Optimization Support.

High Energy Density LiFePO4/C Cathode Material Synthesized by Wet Ball Milling Combined with Spray Drying Method

Blended spherical cathodes of lithium iron phosphate with different particle sizes were prepared using a physical mixing method. The processability and electrochemical properties of blended spherical cathodes were systematically investigated. The characterization results suggest that the blended spherical cathodes contain two different-sized particles, and smaller particles can fill in the gaps created by larger ones. This structural feature causes an increase in both the connect area of the particles and the compaction density of the blended spherical cathodes, which can enhance the processability of the materials. Increasing the difference in particle sizes between the two groups of blended spherical cathodes is beneficial to obtain an enhanced overall performance, as tested with 14,500 cylindrical batteries, such as higher compaction density, lower resistance, superior high-rate capacity, excellent cycle stability, and higher volume energy density. Therefore, lithium iron phosphate batteries fabricated using the blended spherical cathode with two particle groups that differ significantly in size have a good application prospect.

Blended spherical lithium iron phosphate cathodes for high energy density lithium–ion batteries

The best addition of graphene to LiMn0.7Fe0.3PO4/C cathode material synthesized by wet ball milling combined with spray drying method

A facile way of synthesizing LiFePO4/C with high tap density was introduced. LiFePO4/C composites were synthesized by a combination of wet ball milling, spray drying, and carbothermal reduction technology using inexpensive FePO4. The effect of sphericity of secondary microsphere on electrochemical properties and tap density of LiFePO4/C composite was systematically investigated. The sphericity of the secondary microsphere is controlled by particle size of primary particle with varying the ball grinding time. The composites were characterized in detail by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tap density testing. The particle size of primary particle can effectively influence the sphericity of the secondary microsphere, and consequently change the electrochemical properties and tap density of LiFePO4/C. The optimum LiFePO4/C with high tap density of 1.68 g cm−3 contains 2.1 wt% carbon and shows an excellent rate capability and cycle performance, with the initial discharge capacities of 164.0, 159.6, 154.9, 148.3, and 138.3 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, 0.5 C, 1 C, 2 C, and 5 C. The good electrochemical properties are attributed to the smaller particle, uniform primary particle size distribution, and the uniform carbon coating. The high tap density of LiFePO4/C composite is attributed to the better sphericity of secondary microsphere. With the primary particle size decreasing, the secondary microsphere sphericity is better.

Facile synthesis and electrochemical properties of high tap density LiFePO 4 /C

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