The possibility of performing fast and small-volume nucleic acid amplification and analysis on a single chip has attracted great interest. Devices based on this idea, referred to as micro total analysis, microfluidic analysis, or simply ‘Lab on a chip’ systems, have witnessed steady advances over the last several years. Here, we summarize recent research on chip substrates, surface treatments, PCR reaction volume and speed, architecture, approaches to eliminating cross-contamination and control and measurement of temperature and liquid flow. We also discuss product-detection methods, integration of functional components, biological samples used in PCR chips, potential applications and other practical issues related to implementation of lab-on-a-chip technologies.

/pdf/miniaturized-pcr-chips-for-nucleic-acid-amplification-and-268q6uju4s.pdf

Miniaturized PCR chips for nucleic acid amplification and analysis: latest advances and future trends

Salivary diagnostics is an emerging field that has progressed through several important developments in the past decade, including the publication of the human salivary proteome and the infusion of federal funds to integrate nanotechnologies and microfluidic engineering concepts into developing compact point-of-care devices for rapid analysis of this secretion. In this article, we discuss some of these developments and their relevance to the prognosis, diagnosis and management of periodontitis, as an oral target, and cardiovascular disease, as a systemic example for the potential of these biodiagnostics. Our findings suggest that several biomarkers are associated with distinct biological stages of these diseases and demonstrate promise as practical biomarkers in identifying and managing periodontal disease, and acute myocardial infarction. The majority of these studies have progressed through biomarker discovery, with the identified molecules requiring more robust clinical studies to enable substantive validation for disease diagnosis. It is predicted that with continued advances in this field the use of a combination of biomarkers in multiplex panels is likely to yield accurate screening tools for these diagnoses in the near future.

/pdf/current-developments-in-salivary-diagnostics-2yyukj5kxf.pdf

Current developments in salivary diagnostics

In this review we discuss the state of the art of the optical whole-field velocity measurement technique micro-scale Particle Image Velocimetry (µPIV). µPIV is a useful tool for fundamental research of microfluidics as well as for the detailed characterization and optimization of microfluidic applications in life science, lab-on-a-chip, biomedical research, micro chemical engineering, analytical chemistry and other related fields of research. An in depth description of the µPIV method is presented and compared to other flow visualization and measurement methods. An overview of the most relevant applications is given on the topics of near-wall flow, electrokinetic flow, biological flow, mixing, two-phase flow, turbulence transition and complex fluid dynamic problems. Current trends and applications are critically reviewed. Guidelines for the implementation and application are also discussed.

Micro-Particle Image Velocimetry (microPIV): recent developments, applications, and guidelines.

Performance comparison of micromixers

Static mixers and multifunctional heat exchangers/reactors (MHE/R) are qualified as efficient receptacles for processes including physical or chemical transformations accompanied by heat transfer due to their high productivity and reduced energy expenditures. The present work reviews recent conceptual and technological innovations in passive static mixers and continuous in-line reactors. Current industrial applications are discussed from a process intensification perspective, focusing on mixing and mass transfer performance. Typical experimental techniques employed to characterize and quantify the mixing process are explored. The work is complemented by a review of mixing fundamentals, knowledge of which allows the development of theoretical models crucial for the analysis of experimental data, like the chemical probe mixing assessment method. Considering the development of continuous flow equipment in numerous processes, advances in this field will certainly be of increasing interest to the scientific and industrial communities.

/pdf/static-mixers-mechanisms-applications-and-characterization-3kbx9ry8v5.pdf

Static mixers: Mechanisms, applications, and characterization methods – A review

MicroPIV measurements of turbulent flow in square microchannels with hydraulic diameters from 200 μm to 640 μm

Turbulent and transitional velocity measurements in a rectangular microchannel using microscopic particle image velocimetry

Microscopic particle image velocimetry was performed on turbulent flow in microchannels of various diameters and aspect ratios to evaluate the characteristics of large-scale turbulent structures Spatial correlations of velocity fluctuations were measured along the channel centerlines and at four other locations, and characteristic turbulent length scales were defined For square microchannels, excellent agreement was observed between the measured length scales and results for macro-scale duct flow Along the centerline of the square microchannels the normalized longitudinal length scale, 2Lxuu/W, ranged from 030 to 037, the lateral length scale, 2Lyuu/W, ranged from 016 to 018, and the ratio between the two length scales, Lxuu/Lyuu ranged from 188 to 200, results which agree well with macroscale results Results for non-square microchannels indicate that as aspect ratio increases, the ratio Lxuu/Lyuu also increases, ranging from 229 for an aspect ratio of 209 up to 375 for an aspect ratio of 568 Measurements were repeated at various distances from the side walls of the microchannels For the square microchannels the turbulent structures are smaller near the side walls than near the center of the microchannel with 2Lxuu/W ranging from 030 to 038 along the centerline, but dropping to 004–006 at y/(W/2)=094 Similar results were observed for the rectangular microchannels For the rectangular microchannels 2Lxuu/W ranged from 032 to 042, compared to 030–038 for the square microchannels

Examination of large-scale structures in turbulent microchannel flow

Microscopic particle image velocimetry was performed on turbulent flow in microchannels of various diameters and aspect ratios to evaluate the characteristics of large-scale turbulent structures. Spatial correlations of velocity fluctuations were measured along the channel centerlines and at four other locations, and characteristic turbulent length scales were defined. For square microchannels, excellent agreement was observed between the measured length scales and results for macro-scale duct flow. Along the centerline of the square microchannels the normalized longitudinal length scale, 2Lxuu/W, ranged from 0.30 to 0.37, the lateral length scale, 2Lyuu/W, ranged from 0.16 to 0.18, and the ratio between the two length scales, Lxuu/Lyuu ranged from 1.88 to 2.00, results which agree well with macroscale results. Results for non-square microchannels indicate that as aspect ratio increases, the ratio Lxuu/Lyuu also increases, ranging from 2.29 for an aspect ratio of 2.09 up to 3.75 for an aspect ratio of 5.68. Measurements were repeated at various distances from the side walls of the microchannels. For the square microchannels the turbulent structures are smaller near the side walls than near the center of the microchannel with 2Lxuu/W ranging from 0.30 to 0.38 along the centerline, but dropping to 0.04–0.06 at y/(W/2)=0.94. Similar results were observed for the rectangular microchannels. For the rectangular microchannels 2Lxuu/W ranged from 0.32 to 0.42, compared to 0.30–0.38 for the square microchannels.

http://absimage.aps.org/image/DFD05/MWS_DFD05-2005-000280.pdf

Examination of Large-Scale Structures in Turbulent Microchannel Flow

In this paper, failure mechanism of DT 4H-SiC power MOSFET under UIS measurement is evaluated by combination of experiment and theoretical research. Results has shown that: different from planar 4H-SiC power MOSFET, the gate oxide at the corner of of gate trench will be destroyed under UIS measurement, therefore, Device Under Test(DUT) failed. And then, measurement on the gate leakage and resistance between gate and source(Rgs) we have found that gate leakage increased sharply and Rgs only was 25Ω, however, the threshold voltage of failure device maintained unchanged. Also, theoretical analysis using TCAD on the inner electrical field under avalanche state have found that the maxium electrical field exist at the corner of gate trench which was consistent with the experimental result, and the maximum junction temperature did not over the melt point of metal.

Failure Mechanism of Double-Trench (DT) 4H-SiC Power MOSFET under UIS Measurement

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