Besides leaves, non-foliar green organs such as stem and spike are also considered photosynthetic organs. To assess the photosynthetic contributions of these organs, the correlations between these photosynthetic areas and single-spike weight were investigated in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under four nitrogen and mulching treatments: N120, N150, N195, and N195 + M. Two-year repeated field experiments were conducted on the Loess Plateau of China. Non-foliar photosynthetic area, grain-filling ratio and duration, grain yield, and in particular, single-spike weight, were measured, recorded and analyzed. Under the N195 + M treatment, plants showed the largest area of photosynthetic organs (flag leaf and non-foliar organs) and the highest grain yield and single spike weight. Single-spike weight was positively correlated with the areas of all examined non-foliar photosynthetic organs, in particular with the area above the flag leaf node (R2 = 0.761⁎) and the area above the exposed part of the peduncle (EXP) (R2 = 0.800⁎⁎). In addition, single-spike weight was highly correlated with average grain-filling ratio (R2 = 0.993⁎⁎), whereas it was less highly correlated with grain-filling duration (R2 = 0.533). The morphological traits of non-foliar photosynthetic organs were also more highly correlated with average grain-filling ratio than with average grain-filling duration. The significant correlation between each of the morphological traits (area, length and width) of EXP and single-spike weight indicates that morphological traits of EXP are important in determining spike weight in the Loess Plateau environment.

The spike weight contribution of the photosynthetic area above the upper internode in a winter wheat under different nitrogen and mulching regimes

Reducing water productivity gap by optimizing irrigation regime for winter wheat-summer maize system in the North China Plain

Heavy metal(loid) (HM) pollution of agricultural soils is a growing global environmental concern that affects planetary health. Numerous studies have shown that soil microbial consortia can inhibit the accumulation of HMs in crops. However, our current understanding of the effects and mechanisms of inhibition is fragmented. In this review, we summarise extant studies and knowledge to provide a comprehensive view of HM toxicity on crop growth and development at the biological, cellular and the molecular levels. In a meta-analysis, we find that microbial consortia can improve crop resistance and reduce HM uptake, which in turn promotes healthy crop growth, demonstrating that microbial consortia are more effective than single microorganisms. We then review three main mechanisms by which microbial consortia reduce the toxicity of HMs to crops and inhibit HMs accumulation in crops: 1) reducing the bioavailability of HMs in soil (e.g. biosorption, bioaccumulation and biotransformation); 2) improving crop resistance to HMs (e.g. facilitating the absorption of nutrients); and 3) synergistic effects between microorganisms. Finally, we discuss the prospects of microbial consortium applications in simultaneous crop safety production and soil remediation, indicating that they play a key role in sustainable agricultural development, and conclude by identifying research challenges and future directions for the microbial consortium to promote safe crop production. 

Biological roles of soil microbial consortium on promoting safe crop production in heavy metal(loid) contaminated soil: A systematic review.

Water resource scarcity has been increasingly becoming a threat to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in North China Plain. Thus, a water-saving irrigation strategy should be urgently developed. We conducted a 2-yr field experiment to examine the effects of supplemental irrigation (SI) on the photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat. This study employed two SI strategies: A quota SI using 60 mm water at jointing and anthesis stages (W1) and soil moisture testing SI (W2), which brings the target relative soil water content of 0-40 cm soil layer to 70% field capacity at jointing and anthesis stages. A non-irrigated treatment (W0) was used as control. Results showed that W2 significantly improved the water uptake in 80-160 cm soil layer compared with W1. Moreover, flag leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration 14-28 d after anthesis were highest in W2 successively followed by W1 and W0, and the difference was significant. Dry matter (DM) at maturity, DM accumulation post-anthesis and its contribution ratio to grain were significantly higher in W2 than in the other treatments. 13CO2 labeling results indicated that W2 promoted δ13C-photosynthate accumulation in grain. In 2012-2013 growing season, the grain yield increased by 56.05% and 5.74% and WUE increased by 26.17% and 6.34% in W2 compared with those in W0 and W1, respectively. In 2013-2014 growing season, the grain yield increased by 41.82% and 5.90% and WUE increased by 28.24% and 13.03% in W2 compared with those in W0 and W1, respectively. Therefore, W2 is a high-yield and water-saving treatment.

/pdf/effect-of-different-supplemental-irrigation-strategies-on-u6ou02rdat.pdf

Effect of different supplemental irrigation strategies on photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency of wheat

The Influence of Phosphorus on Leaf Function, Cadmium Accumulation and Stress Tolerance of Poplar Leaves Under Cadmium Exposure

High-yield winter wheat cultivar Jimai 22 was used to study effects of irrigation and planting patterns on water consumption characteristics and photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat in field from 2009 to 2011. Three different planting patterns (uniform row, wide-narrow row and furrow) and four irrigation schedules (W0, no irrigation; W1, irrigation at jointing stage; W2, irrigations at jointing and anthesis stages; W3, irrigation at jointing, anthesis and milking stages. Each irrigation rate was 60 mm) were designed in the experiment. Results showed that, with the increasing of irrigation amount, flag leaf area, net photosynthesis rate, maximum photochemical efficiency and actual light transformation efficiency at late growth stages of winter wheat increased. Compared with W0 treatment, the other irrigation treatments had higher grain yields, but lower water use efficiencies. Under the same irrigation condition, the flag leaf net photosynthesis, maximum photochemical efficiency and actual light transformation efficiency were much higher in furrow pattern. Grain yields of winter wheat under furrow pattern and W2 treatment were significantly higher than that of the other treatments. Taking grain yield and WUE into consideration, furrow pattern combined with irrigation at jointing and anthesis stages might be the optimal water-saving and planting mode for the winter wheat production in North China Plain.

Effects of irrigation and planting patterns on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and yield at late growth stages of winter wheat

Taking high-yield winter wheat cultivar 'Jimai 22' as test material, a field experiment was conducted in 2008-2010 to study the effects of different irrigation and planting modes on the water consumption characteristics and dry matter accumulation and distribution of winter wheat. Three planting patterns (uniform row, wide-narrow row, and furrow) and four irrigation schedules (no irrigation, W0; irrigation at jointing stage, W1; irrigation at jointing and anthesis stages, W2; and irrigation at jointing, anthesis, and milking stages, W3; with 60 mm per irrigation) were installed. With increasing amount of irrigation, the total water consumption and the ratio of irrigation water to total water consumption under different planting patterns all increased, while the soil water consumption and its ratio to total water consumption decreased significantly. As compared with W0, the other three irrigation schedules had a higher dry matter accumulation after anthesis and a higher grain yield, but a lower water use efficiency (WUE). Under the same irrigation schedules, furrow pattern had higher water consumption ratio, grain yield, and WUE. Taking the grain yield and WUE into consideration, furrow pattern combined with irrigation at jointing and anthesis stages would be the optimal water-saving and planting modes for the winter wheat production in North China Plain.

Effects of irrigation and planting pattern on winter wheat water consumption characteristics and dry matter production

Morphological and physiological plasticity of Catalpa bungei roots under partial root-zone drought as affected by nitrogen forms

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The Influence of Phosphorus on Leaf Function, Cadmium Accumulation and Stress Tolerance of Poplar Leaves Under Cadmium Exposure

Effects of irrigation and planting patterns on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and yield at late growth stages of winter wheat

Effects of irrigation and planting pattern on winter wheat water consumption characteristics and dry matter production

Morphological and physiological plasticity of Catalpa bungei roots under partial root-zone drought as affected by nitrogen forms