Statistics for Spatial Data.

Geometrid moths were collected on Mt. Kinabalu (Sabah, Malaysia) along two habitat gradients, ranging from primary rain forest to cultivated areas. During 135 nights' trapping in 1997, 4585 individuals representing 500 species were attracted by light. Primary forest samples and those from old-grown regenerated forest exhibited high diversity (Fisher's α = 75–128), while agricultural areas as well as most secondary forests had a significantly lower diversity (α = 34–61). One 15-y-old secondary forest with a rich undergrowth vegetation also housed a diverse geometrid community (α = 89). In three paired samples, diversity of geometrid moths in the canopy was equal to or lower than in the understorey. Of six habitat variables tested, only undergrowth plant species diversity emerged as a significant predictor of geometrid diversity. The NESS index, in combination with multi-dimensional scaling, was used to investigate patterns of between-habitat diversity. Of two dimensions extracted, one represented the degree of habitat disturbance, while the other separated the two study areas. Geometrid samples of strongly disturbed habitats did not converge between sites, indicating that apart from the degree of human interference the regional species pool was also important in determining similarity among local communities.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S026646740200202X

From forest to farmland: diversity of geometrid moths along two habitat gradients on Borneo

Preface.Acknowledgements.The Risk Measurement Revolution. Measures of Financial Risk. Basic Issues in Measuring Market Risk. Non parametric VaR and ETL. Parametric VaR and ETL. Simulation Approaches to VaR and ETL Estimation. Incremental and Component Risks. Estimating Liquidity Risks. Backtesting Market Risk Models. Stress Testing. Model Risk.Toolkit.Bibliography.Author Index.Subject Index.Software Index.

An introduction to market risk measurement

Primary tropical lowland rainforest in Sabah, Malaysia, has been largely reduced to small to medium-sized, often isolated, forest islands surrounded by a highly altered agricultural landscape. The biodiversity patterns of leaf litter ant communities were monitored in two forest fragments of differing size as well as in a contiguous forest over the course of two years. Species number and diversity in the forest isolates was significantly lower, reaching only 47.5% of the species number collected in the contiguous forest. Species density was also lower, which had led to a thinning of the ant community in the fragments. Community composition was substantially altered in the forest remnants, and an increase of tramp species with smaller fragment size was detected. These results were unexpected and alarming, as the medium-sized forest is with its 42.9 km2 a comparatively large primary forest fragment for Sabah.

/pdf/size-does-matter-effects-of-tropical-rainforest-1y2yjfd1ju.pdf

Size does matter - effects of tropical rainforest fragmentation on the leaf litter ant community in Sabah, Malaysia

The occurrence of rainfalls of high magnitude constitutes a primary natural hazard in many parts of the world, and the elaboration of maps showing the hazard of extreme rainfalls has great theoretical and practical interest. In this work a procedure based on extreme value analysis and spatial interpolation techniques is described. The result is a probability model in which the distribution parameters vary smoothly in space. This methodology is applied to the middle Ebro Valley (Spain), a climatically complex area with great contrasts because of the relief and exposure to different air masses. The database consists of 43 daily precipitation series from 1950 to 2000. Because rainfall tends to occur highly clustered in time in the area, a declustering process was applied to the data, and the series of daily cluster maxima were used hereinafter. The mean excess plot and error minimizing were used to find an optimum threshold value to retain the highest records (peaks-over-threshold approach), and a P...

/pdf/mapping-the-hazard-of-extreme-rainfall-by-peaks-over-2zbx61o1ng.pdf

Mapping the hazard of extreme rainfall by peaks-over-threshold extreme value analysis and spatial regression techniques

Statistical Analysis of Extreme Values — from Insurance, Finance, Hydrology and Other Fields

On the basis of long-term data from the monitoring program of theRijksinstituut voor Kust en Zee (RIKZ), The Netherlands, we discuss how various statistical procedures can be successfully applied to the monitoring of benthic communities, especially in the Wadden Sea area. In particular, the following topics will be treated:

(i)

Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) for visualization of trends and/or changes in species composition;




(ii)

Minimal Areas for checking the representativity of samples w.r.t. the number of species present;




(iii)

Diversity of species communities and its statistical estimation from samples including estimates for the estimation error in terms of their variance and standard deviation.

Statistical tools for monitoring benthic communities

Motivated by time-dependent spatial random patterns occuring in marine or terrestrial ecosystems we investigate the limiting behaviour over time of certain Poisson point processes with possible movements of points according to a stochastic process. In particular, the possibilities of equilibrium, extinction or explosion of the system are discussed.

/pdf/moving-point-patterns-the-poisson-case-2jitj45fhi.pdf

Moving Point Patterns: The Poisson Case

In this paper we show how established methods from the fields of point process theory, stochastic geometry, and geostatistics can be applied to analyze spatial data from marine ecosystems In particular, examples and data sets from the research project “Okosystemforschung Niedersachsisches Wattenmeer” are presented

/pdf/the-analysis-of-spatial-data-from-marine-ecosystems-2onre4nrlw.pdf

The Analysis of Spatial Data from Marine Ecosystems

Modeling spatial distributional patterns of benthic meiofauna species by Thomas and related processes

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