NOTE The report of the Committee without its annexes appears as Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-third Session, Supplement No. 46. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The country names used in this document are, in most cases, those that were in use at the time the data were collected or the text prepared. In other cases, however, the names have been updated, where this was possible and appropriate, to reflect political changes. Scientific Annexes Annex A. Medical radiation exposures Annex B. Exposures of the public and workers from various sources of radiation INTROdUCTION 1. In the course of the research and development for and the application of atomic energy and nuclear technologies, a number of radiation accidents have occurred. Some of these accidents have resulted in significant health effects and occasionally in fatal outcomes. The application of technologies that make use of radiation is increasingly widespread around the world. Millions of people have occupations related to the use of radiation, and hundreds of millions of individuals benefit from these uses. Facilities using intense radiation sources for energy production and for purposes such as radiotherapy, sterilization of products, preservation of foodstuffs and gamma radiography require special care in the design and operation of equipment to avoid radiation injury to workers or to the public. Experience has shown that such technology is generally used safely, but on occasion controls have been circumvented and serious radiation accidents have ensued. 2. Reviews of radiation exposures from accidents have been presented in previous UNSCEAR reports. The last report containing an exclusive chapter on exposures from accidents was the UNSCEAR 1993 Report [U6]. 3. This annex is aimed at providing a sound basis for conclusions regarding the number of significant radiation accidents that have occurred, the corresponding levels of radiation exposures and numbers of deaths and injuries, and the general trends for various practices. Its conclusions are to be seen in the context of the Committee's overall evaluations of the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. 4. The Committee's evaluations of public, occupational and medical diagnostic exposures are mostly concerned with chronic exposures of …

sources and effects of ionizing radiation

Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic) A Collaborative Report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery,* Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease) Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation

/pdf/acc-aha-2005-practice-guidelines-for-the-management-of-4ltfid6e9i.pdf

ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease (Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic)

It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. IDSA considers adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances.

Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis: 2016 update by the infectious diseases society of America

The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines on the care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm

PURPOSE: To prospectively assess accuracy of mammography, clinical examination, ultrasonography (US), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in preoperative assessment of local extent of breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval and informed patient consent were obtained. Results of bilateral mammography, US, and contrast-enhanced MR imaging were analyzed from 111 consecutive women with known or suspected invasive breast cancer. Results were correlated with histopathologic findings. RESULTS: Analysis included 177 malignant foci in 121 cancerous breasts, of which 89 (50%) foci were palpable. Median size of 139 invasive foci was 18 mm (range, 2–107 mm). Mammographic sensitivity decreased from 100% in fatty breasts to 45% in extremely dense breasts. Mammographic sensitivity was highest for invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) in 89 of 110 (81%) cases versus 10 of 29 (34%) cases of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) (P < .001) and 21 of 38 (55%) cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (...

Diagnostic accuracy of mammography, clinical examination, US, and MR imaging in preoperative assessment of breast cancer.

PURPOSE To demonstrate a superselective intraarterial chemotherapy as a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of previously treated recurrent lymph node metastases in breast cancer. METHODS 14 patients with recurrent lymph node metastases in cases of breast cancer were presented to be treated by intraarterial chemotherapy of 25 mg mitoxantrone/m2 over a period of 24 hours. In two patients with superclavicular lymph node involvement an intraarterial therapy could not be carried out because of a vascular connection to the anterior spinal artery. Involved lymph stations could be reached in superselective technique by side branches of the subclavian artery. Heparin coverage was given intravenously. Every patient had had surgery, radiation, systemic chemo- and hormonal therapy before and was now graded as inoperable. Therapy indication was given by local tumour-induced symptoms. RESULTS In the 12 treated cases complete remission was seen in three, partial remission in 4, a steady state in two and a progressive disease in three. There were no complications or severe side effects. CONCLUSION Intraarterial chemotherapy is an effective and well tolerated treatment in recurrent lymph node metastases in cases of breast cancer even if conventional therapies can no longer be used.

[Superselective intra-arterial chemotherapy in therapy-refractory lymph node recurrences of breast carcinoma].

[CT angiography in neuroradiology--clinical applications].

Messung der thorakalen Aortenwanddicke mittels 40-Schicht-Spiral-CT als möglicher subklinischer Parameter der koronaren Atherosklerose: Vergleich zwischen gesunden Probanden und KHK-Patienten

Purpose To determine energy exposure and temperature changes in routine magnetic resonance imaging practice. Materials and methods Body core and skin temperatures were compared in 155 persons (143 patients, 12 volunteers) undergoing routine magnetic resonance examinations with a 1.5 T field-strength magnetic resonance tomography unit using a fluoroptic temperature measurement system. Results Average applied energy was 0.3 W/kg for whole body and 1.92 W/kg for spatially localized SAR. The maximum whole-body SAR was 1.43 W/kg spatially localized. Body core temperatures differed from those of the control group by a median 0.1 degree C and only a few patients (16.8%) exceeded the limit (+/- 0.5%) at which regulatory mechanisms set in. All patients remained within the normal physiological circadian temperature range (+/- 1 degree C). Skin temperature rose a median 0.49 degree C, with a maximal increase of 5.31 degrees C, which may be considered to be within the limits of physiological temperature change. Conclusions Clinically relevant warming of the body is unlikely in routine magnetic resonance imaging practice.

Temperaturbelastung von Patienten bei Routine-Kernspin-Untersuchungen

The proportion of the total dose-area product due to fluoroscopy during interventional radiology of the biliary system has been investigated. Fifty-five interventional procedures were performed on 30 patients. During the examinations, a computer-based system registered the number of radiographs and determined the relative proportions of the total dose-area product due to radiography and fluoroscopy, respectively. In 52 of 55 cases (94.5%), the computer program correctly differentiated between fluoroscopy and radiography. The median total dose-area product was 20.11 Gy.cm 2 , while that due to fluoroscopy was 19.45 Gy.cm 2 . On average, fluoroscopy accounted for more than 96% of the total dose-area product. Limiting fluoroscopy time and keeping the field of view as small as possible are therefore the most effective means of achieving relevant reductions in radiation exposure during interventional radiology of the biliary system.

Radiation Exposure from Interventional Radiology of the Biliary System: How Much is Due to Fluoroscopy?

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