Aims To determine whether influenza can trigger heart attacks, we investigated the impact of influenza epidemics on autopsy-proven coronary deaths.

Methods and results We studied weekly death due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and chronic ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in autopsies conducted in 1993 to 2000 in St Petersburg, Russia. We plotted the weekly acute respiratory disease (ARD) counts and influenza epidemics against AMI and chronic IHD deaths. There were 11 892 subjects dying of AMI and 23 000 subjects dying of chronic IHD. Median age was 75 for women and 65 for men. In every year, a peak of AMI and chronic IHD deaths were present and coincided with the influenza epidemic and peak ARD activity. A similar pattern was seen for each subgroup of men, women, subjects 50 years or older, and subjects 70 years or older. When comparing the average influenza epidemic weeks to average off-season weeks, the odds for AMI and chronic IHD death increased by 1.30 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–1.56) and 1.10 (95% CI: 0.97–1.26), respectively.

Conclusion Influenza epidemics are associated with a rise in autopsy-confirmed coronary deaths. Influenza vaccination should be advocated for patients at high risk of developing cardiovascular events.

/pdf/influenza-epidemics-and-acute-respiratory-disease-activity-4pvb60hplx.pdf

Influenza epidemics and acute respiratory disease activity are associated with a surge in autopsy-confirmed coronary heart disease death: results from 8 years of autopsies in 34 892 subjects

3,4-Dichloroaniline-induced oxidative stress in liver of crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

Resveratrol attenuates cisplatin renal cortical cytotoxicity by modifying oxidative stress.

Color is an indispensible characteristic of food because it makes foods easily recognizable and attractive in our modern society. Numerous food colors have been removed from the national and international lists of “accepted food colors” due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic activities based on a number of toxicity studies that have been conducted since food colors were first identified as carcinogenic by researchers. This study investigated the changes in oxidative stress parameters such as glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and catalase (CAT) activity that occurred when Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to Tartrazine (CAS No. 1934-21-0) and New Coccin (CAS No. 2611-82-7), commonly-used azo dyes in the food industry. It was found that intracellular GSH significantly decreased, MDA levels increased, and GPx and CAT levels remained the same, (as compared to the control), when CHO cells were exposed to these food colors. Based on our results, Tartrazine and New Coccin food colors can be regarded as toxic. Considering the possible oxidative damage induced by these food colors, due to the depletion of GSH (a cell’s major antioxidant), and a significant increase in MDA levels, we strongly believe that the use of these potentially toxic colors in food needs to be reconsidered.

Oxidative effects of Tartrazine (CAS No. 1934-21-0) and New Coccin (CAS No. 2611-82-7) azo dyes on CHO cells

Nutraceuticals are widely used by the general public, but very little information is available regarding the effects of nutritional agents on drug toxicity. Excessive doses of acetaminophen (APAP, 4-hydroxyacetanilide) induce hepatic centrilobular necrosis. The naturally occurring substance S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) has been reported to reduce the hepatic toxicity of APAP. The present study was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of SAMe in comparison to the clinically used antidote N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Male C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with an equimolar dose (1.25 mmol/kg) of either SAMe or NAC just before APAP, and the groups were denoted SAMe+APAP and NAC+APAP, respectively. Mice were immediately injected i.p. with 300 mg/kg APAP, and hepatotoxicity was evaluated after 4 h. SAMe was more hepatoprotective than NAC at a dose of 1.25 mmol/kg as liver weight was unchanged by APAP injection in the SAMe+APAP group, whereas liver weight was increased in the NAC+APAP group. SAMe was more hepatoprotective for APAP toxicity than NAC, because alanine aminotransferase levels were lower in the SAMe+APAP. Pretreatment with SAMe maintained total hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels higher than NAC pretreatment before APAP, although total hepatic GSH levels were lower in the SAMe+APAP and NAC+APAP groups than the vehicle control values. Oxidative stress was less extensive in the SAMe+APAP group compared with the APAP-treated mice as indicated by Western blots for protein carbonyls and 4-hydroxynonenal-adducted proteins. In summary, SAMe reduced APAP toxicity and was more potent than NAC in reducing APAP hepatotoxicity.

Comparison of S-Adenosyl-l-methionine and N-Acetylcysteine Protective Effects on Acetaminophen Hepatic Toxicity

Role of stereochemistry in N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid (2-NDHSA) nephrotoxicity.

Enantiomerically pure N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimides (NDHS) and N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide-O-sulfates (NSC) have been synthesized in our laboratory in order to address their selectively related nephrotoxic mechanism. The key step for NDHS synthesis is the intramolecular nucleophilic cyclization via the amide N-atom with retention of configuration of the original stereogenic center. The corresponding sulfate conjugates (R)-NSC and (S)-NSC were prepared by reaction of enantiomeric NDHS with chlorosulfonic acid at -78 °C.

Synthesis of Enantiopure N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimides (NDHS) and N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide-O-sulfates (NSC)

Nephrotoxicity Induced by the R- and S-Enantiomers of N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide (NDHS) and Their Sulfate Conjugates in Male Fischer 344 Rats

Characterization of 2-amino-4,5-dichlorophenol (2A45CP) in vitro toxicity in renal cortical slices from male Fischer 344 rats

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Role of stereochemistry in N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinamic acid (2-NDHSA) nephrotoxicity.

Synthesis of Enantiopure N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimides (NDHS) and N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide-O-sulfates (NSC)

Nephrotoxicity Induced by the R- and S-Enantiomers of N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide (NDHS) and Their Sulfate Conjugates in Male Fischer 344 Rats

Characterization of 2-amino-4,5-dichlorophenol (2A45CP) in vitro toxicity in renal cortical slices from male Fischer 344 rats