The rapid development of modern consumer electronics is placing higher demands on lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2 ; LCO) cathode that powers them. Increasing operating voltage is exclusively effective in boosting LCO capacity and energy density but is inhibited by the innate high-voltage instability of LCO structure that serves as the foundation and determinant of its electrochemical behavior in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This has stimulated extensive research on LCO structural stabilization. Here, we focus on the fundamental structural understanding of LCO cathode from long-term studies. Multi-scale structures concerning LCO bulk and surface and various structural issues along with their origins and corresponding stabilization strategies with specific mechanisms are uncovered and elucidated at length, which will certainly deepen and advance our knowledge of LCO structure and further its inherent relationship with electrochemical performance. And based on these understandings, remaining questions and opportunities for future stabilization of LCO structure are also emphasized. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Structural Understanding for High-Voltage Stabilization of Lithium Cobalt Oxide.

Structures, issues, and optimization strategies of Ni-rich and Co-low cathode materials for lithium-ion battery

Li(NixCoyMnz)O2 (x + y + z = 1, NCM), as one of the most dominant cathode materials in electric vehicle (EV) batteries, faces the challenges of poor cycling stability and safety concerns with the increase of Ni content and charge/discharge capacity. Single crystalline NCM (SC-NCM) materials have been developed to mitigate these challenges, owing to their lower surface areas, fewer grain boundaries, and better morphological stability. Here, the preparation strategies of SC-NCM are summarized, including continuous high-temperature sintering (CHTS), molten salt method, pulse high-temperature sintering (PHTS), and controllable growth with special orientations or sizes. CHTS produces irregular SC-NCM particles, but is accompanied by Li-volatilization and agglomeration during long-term sintering. The molten salt helps to lower calcination temperature and generate well-defined crystalline material, but generally causes large capacity loss due to the Li/H exchange in the following water rinsing procedure. To address the above challenges, the PHTS strategy has recently been recently proposed, which mitigates Li-loss through shortened high-temperature stage and avoids further water rinsing steps. For improving the C-rate performance, controllable crystal growth with specific sizes and crystal orientations is highly desired, which calls for further investigation and upgrading of current large-scale preparation technology. 

Perspective on the Preparation Methods of Single Crystalline High Nickel Oxide Cathode Materials

In-depth understanding of the deterioration mechanism and modification engineering of high energy density Ni-rich layered lithium transition-metal oxide cathode for lithium-ion batteries

The concept of the Internet-of-Batteries (IoB) has recently emerged and offers great potential for the control and optimization of battery utilization in electric vehicles (EV). This concept, which combines aspects of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) with the latest advancements in battery technology and cloud computing, can provide a wealth of new information about battery health and performance. This information can be used to improve battery management in a number of ways, including continuous battery prognosis and improved battery and vehicle management. In this paper, we reviewed in detail the basic structure of IoB, based on many existing studies. We also explored the potential benefits of this new approach, such as continuous battery prognosis and improved battery and vehicle management. Implementing the IoB in EVs is not without challenges, as the IoB faces a number of challenges, including the security of battery data, cross-platform functionality, and the technical complexities of applying IoB on a large scale. However, the potential benefits of the IoB are significant and with continued research and development, it has the ability to revolutionize the EV industry. The purpose of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the IoB, discussing its potential benefits and challenges. The paper also provides a roadmap for the future development of IoB, highlighting the key areas that need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of this technology. 

IoB: Internet-of-Batteries for Electric Vehicles–Architectures, Opportunities, and Challenges

Cobalt in high-energy-density layered cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

A key challenge for the design of dual three-phase electric machine is how to increase its electromagnetic torque and reduce short-circuit current simultaneously. In this paper, a novel mixed iron-pole Halbach (MIH) magnet pattern is proposed for the electric machine. It can offer a variety of advantages. First, it improves the air gap flux density, which help to increase the torque output of the electric machine. Second, it increases the inductance of phase winding, which help to reduce the short-circuit current significantly. Third, it improves the self-shielding effect, which help to reduce the back iron and rotor mass. Analytical, numerical and experimental investigations are performed to validate the proposed design concept. Firstly, the schematic structures of the electric machine and proposed MIH magnet pattern are presented. Then the magnetic field, torque output, inductance and short-circuit current are formulated analytically through sub-domain models. Following that, the numerical computation is performed to validate those analytical models. The flux density, torque output, inductance and short-circuit current of the MIH magnet pattern are compared with those of other traditional magnet arrays. Subsequently, a dual three-phase research prototype and experimental test platform are developed. The experimental results on the magnetic field, torque output and short-circuit current are provided for verify the analytical models and the proposed MIH magnet pattern well. 

Modeling and Analysis of Short-circuit Current for a Novel Dual Three-phase Electric Machine with Mixed Iron-pole Halbach Magnet Pattern

Short-Circuit Current and Torque Output Analysis of Multi-Phase Permanent Magnet Machine with Compound Magnet Array

The All-Electric-Aircraft and spacecraft is seeking for high torque density electrical machine to achieve high torque output with lower mass to get higher capability of loading and reduce the cost. The rare earth permanent magnet cannot stand the overheating temperature in outer space thus has the risk of demagnetization causing the space devices out of work. This paper proposes a new magnet topology structure in electrical machine. Compared with other traditional permanent magnet topology structures, it produces a higher magnetic flux density and torque value and decreases the mass of machine, which confirms the proposed magnet topology effectivity in enhance torque density (Nm/kg).

High Torque Density Electrical Machine with Less Rare Earth Permanent Magnet

This paper presents the design and operating principle of a novel spherical actuator that can generate three degree of freedom. The analysis and optimization of system electromagnetic structural parameters are of great significance for improving the output characteristics of the driver and improving work efficiency. This paper will optimize the design of the electrical structure from the aspects of the inner diameter of rotor back iron, inner diameter of permanent magnet, outer diameter of permanent magnet, air gap spacing and outer diameter of winding coils and so on.

Optimization of a Novel Spherical Actuator with 3-DOF motion

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