Calcite precipitation induced by Bacillus cereus MRR2 cultured at different Ca2+ concentrations: Further insights into biotic and abiotic calcite

Biomineralization induced by microorganisms has become a hot spot in the field of carbonate sedimentology; however, the mechanisms involved still need to be explored. In this study, the bacterium Bacillus subtilis J2 (GenBank MG575432) was used to induce the precipitation of calcium carbonate minerals at Mg/Ca molar ratios of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Bacillus subtilis J2 bacteria released ammonia to increase pH, but the ammonia released only made the pH increase to 8.25. Carbonic anhydrase was also produced to catalyze the hydration of carbon dioxide, and this process released carbonate and bicarbonate ions that not only increased pH but also elevated carbonate supersaturation. The biominerals formed at a Mg/Ca molar ratio of 0 were spherulitic, elongated, dumbbell-shaped, and irregularly rhombohedral calcite; at a Mg/Ca molar ratio of 3, the biominerals were calcite and aragonite, the weight ratio of calcite decreased from 26.7% to 15.6%, and that of aragonite increased from 73.3% to 84.4% with increasing incubation time. At higher Mg/Ca molar ratios, the biominerals were aragonite, and the crystallinity and thermal stability of aragonite decreased with increasing Mg/Ca molar ratios. FTIR results showed that many organic functional groups were present on/within the biominerals, such as C–O–C, N–H, C=O, O–H, and C–H. HRTEM-SAED examination of the ultra-thin slices of B. subtilis J2 bacteria showed that nano-sized minerals with poor crystal structure had grown or been adsorbed on the EPS coating. The EPS of the B. subtilis J2 strain contained abundant glutamic acid and aspartic acid, which could be deprotonated in an alkaline condition to adsorb Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions; this made EPS act as the nucleation sites. This study may provide some references for further understanding of the mechanism of biomineralization induced by microorganisms.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/9/4/218/pdf

Mechanism of Biomineralization Induced by Bacillus subtilis J2 and Characteristics of the Biominerals

Production of lipid and carbohydrate from microalgae without compromising biomass productivities: role of Ca and Mg

Biological effect of aqueous C60 aggregates on Scenedesmus obliquus revealed by transcriptomics and non-targeted metabolomics.

Microbiologically induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a well-known biogeochemical process that allows the formation of calcium carbonate deposits in the extracellular environment. The high concentration of carbonate and calcium ions on the bacterial surface, which serves as nucleation sites, promotes the calcium carbonate precipitation filling and binding deteriorated materials. Historic buildings and artwork, especially those present in open sites, are susceptible to enhanced weathering resulting from environmental agents, interaction with physical-chemical pollutants, and living organisms, among others. In this work, some published variations of a novel and ecological surface treatment of heritage structures based on MICP are presented and compared. This method has shown to be successful as a restoration, consolidation, and conservation tool for improvement of mechanical properties and prevention of unwanted gas and fluid migration from historical materials. The treatment has revealed best results on porous media matrixes; nevertheless, it can also be applied on soil, marble, concrete, clay, rocks, and limestone. MICP is proposed as a potentially safe and powerful procedure for efficient conservation of worldwide heritage structures.

Microbiologically Induced Carbonate Precipitation in the Restoration and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Materials.

In order to simulate the precipitation process of microbial limestone at the offshore of the ancient ocean, different calcites induced by Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 in culture media with low Mg/Ca r...

The Characterization of Intracellular and Extracellular Biomineralization Induced by Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 Cultured under Low Mg/Ca Ratios Conditions

The invention relates to an evaluation method of shale organic matter porosity. The method is characterized by the following steps: 1) organic carbon content and total pore volume or total porosity of shale samples under homologous organic matter type and same organic matter thermal evolution degree in an area to be measured are measured; 2) relation between the organic carbon content and total pore volume or total porosity is established; 3) a plane-coordinate system with the organic carbon content being the horizontal axis and with the total pore volume or total porosity being the vertical axis is established; 4) data of the organic carbon content and total pore volume or total porosity of the shale samples are introduced into the plane-coordinate system, a straight line is fitted out, and slope and vertical intercept of the straight line are calculated; and 5) organic matter pore volume or organic matter porosity of the shale samples in the area to be measured is calculated, and organic matter porosity of shale is further evaluated so as to finish reservoir capacity evaluation of shale reservoir stratum of the area to be measured. The method of the invention is easy to operate, and is practical and low-cost.

Evaluation method of shale organic matter porosity

The utility model provides a novel -type geological magnifying glass, including the lens cone, the lens cone top is provided with the lens wiping paper box, the open sides of lens cone, and the inside one side of lens cone is provided with vertical pivot of placing, and the hinge is connected with a plurality of magnifying glass subassemblies in the pivot, and the magnifying glass subassembly includes lens mount and enlarged lens, amplifies lens fixed connection on the lens mount, and the bottom of lens mount is provided with annular LED lamp. When observe the mineral fraction do not different or required precision can select different the magnification's enlarged lens as required not not simultaneously, amplify the lens with the selection to back -out from the lens cone, place in and wait to observe the mineral top, realize the accurate observation to the mineral of the multiple grade in field. When open -air light was dark, the annular LED lamp of openable lens mount bottom was observed mineral, does not need the extra lighting apparatus of carrying, is applicable to various environment, and the practicality is very strong.

Novel -type geological magnifying glass

The utility model discloses a novel anaerobe culture ware, including culture dish body and lid, the culture dish body passes through threaded connection rather than the lid of top, forms inclosed cavity. The one side at lid top is provided with the intake pipe, disposes gas filter in the intake pipe, still disposes first gate valve in the intake pipe, first gate valve is located between gas filter and the lid. The opposite side at lid top is provided with the outlet duct, has the observation chamber that is used for placing the oxygen indicator on the outlet duct, be provided with the second gate valve on the outlet duct between observation chamber and the lid. The utility model discloses simple structure, the practicality is strong, low in manufacturing cost, easily the operation is convenient for extensively use widely.

Novel anaerobe culture ware

The invention discloses a carbonate mineral dolomitization simulation study system and an application method thereof. The system comprises a reaction device, a carbon dioxide device, an Mg/Ca device, a multi-functional sprue (NaCl, Na2CO3, and NaHCO3 solutions and microbial liquid can be injected herein), a pH device, a sterile filter and a mineral storage chamber, and also comprises a stirrer and a temperature control device. The carbonate mineral in the reaction device can be subjected to dolomitization under the conditions of certain pressure, temperature, CO2 concentration, Mg/Ca fluid, different concentrations of NaCl and Na2CO3 / NaHCO3 solutions and microbial liquid, pH and the like; the solution is extracted by the sterile filter, and the parameters of dolomitization are measured; the generated mineral can be obtained from the mineral storage chamber. The carbonate mineral dolomitization simulation study system and the application method thereof provided by the invention can help to study the impact of different pressures, temperatures, Mg/Ca, salt concentrations, ionic strength and microbes on the dolomitization of carbonate mineral.

Carbonate mineral dolomitization simulation study system and application method thereof

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