Signal amplification strategies via antibody conjugation and nanomaterials for the modification of transducers enable higher precision and sensitivity of electrochemical biosensors.

Signal amplification strategies in electrochemical biosensors via antibody immobilization and nanomaterial-based transducers

Sophisticated and well-designed tools with the capability of monitoring cellular mechanisms and dynamics are integral to monitoring pathological conditions and anaplastic changes. To date, human stem cells offer unprecedented therapeutic options for the alleviation of several pathologies. Unlike normal stem cells, inside tumor parenchyma tumorigenic stem cells also known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) are progenies that exhibit multipotency and differentiation properties, leading to pervasive cell heterogeneity. Unfortunately, among different cell types that exist inside the tumor niche, a small fraction of total cancer cells belongs to the CSC population. Consequently, the early detection of CSCs is notoriously difficult. Hence, it becomes increasingly important and immediate to discover affordable and accessible frameworks for highly sensitive recognition of multiple stem cell types, especially CSCs. Based on precious features of the electrochemical approaches, this study tried to cover current state-of-the-art advances in electrochemical bioassays for the monitoring and detection of stem cells. 

Electrochemical biosensors for stem cell analysis; applications in diagnostics, differentiation and follow-up

Recent advances in organic fluorescent probes for tumor related enzyme detection

Highly sensitive triple-band metamaterial-based biosensor for different cancer cells detection is suggested and numerically analyzed. The reported sensor has a polyimide dielectric layer which is sandwiched between gold bottom plane and top metallic patches. The analyte sample covers the metallic patch where multiple resonances occur with high absorption. The resonance frequencies depend on the optical properties of the analyte sample. Therefore, the proposed sensor can distinguish between different cancer cell types such as skin cancer, blood cancer, and Breast cancer. Full vectorial finite element method is used to study the effects of the geometrical parameters with the aim to maximize the sensor sensitivity. The suggested sensor has high sensitivity of 2050 GHz/RIU (which is much higher than those suggested in the literature) with high quality factor of 55.34 in the frequency range from 4.25 THz to 4.75 THz. Further, the proposed biosensor is a label-free, and easy for fabrication using the state-of-the-art fabrication technologies.

Highly Sensitive Triple-band THz Metamaterial Biosensor for Cancer Cell Detection

Cancer has become one of the crucial factors that endanger human beings. In order to effectively improve the treatment effect of cancer and improve the quality of life of patients, early screening of tumor markers is particularly critical. Compared with conventional detection methods, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) integrated with electrochemical detection methods have apparent advantages, such as being small, portable, and biodegradable, as well as fast analysis, high sensitivity, and low cost. As a result, electrochemical μPADs have become alternatives to conventional analytical instruments, and the related research has significantly increased. In this review, the fabrication process of μPADs was discussed first, mainly emphasizing the fabrication methods of paper-based hydrophobic barriers, including chemical and physical methods. Then, recent reports on μPADs using electrochemical detection methods for the detection of common tumor markers were discussed. Finally, the limitations of current electrochemical μPADs are also addressed. 

Electrochemical microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for tumor marker detection

In recent years, the increasing incidence and mortality of cancer have inspired the development of accurate and rapid early diagnosis methods in order to successfully cure cancer; however, conventional methods used for detecting tumor cells, including histopathological and immunological methods, often involve complex operation processes, high analytical costs, and high false positive rates, in addition to requiring experienced personnel. With the rapid emergence of sensing techniques, electrochemical cytosensors have attracted wide attention in the field of tumor cell detection because of their advantages, such as their high sensitivity, simple equipment, and low cost. These cytosensors are not only able to differentiate tumor cells from normal cells, but can also allow targeted protein detection of tumor cells. In this review, the research achievements of various electrochemical cytosensors for tumor cell detection reported in the past five years are reviewed, including the structures, detection ranges, and detection limits of the cytosensors. Certain trends and prospects related to the electrochemical cytosensors are also discussed.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/15/8184/pdf

Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Markers on Tumor Cells

Obesity diseases have drawn our attention attributing to unhealthy dietary habit. Leptin, as a peptide hormone produced primarily in adipose tissue, is a biomarker associated with obesity diseases. Here, we presented an electrochemical biosensor used reduced graphene oxide-gold nanomaterials (rGO-Au) to modify the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and bionanocapsule-ZZ (ZZ-BNC) to vertically orient the antibody for detection of leptin. The linear correction curves of leptin concentration ranged from 0.001 to 1000 pg/mL with a low detection limit (0.00087 pg/mL). Compared with reported leptin sensors, the biosensor displayed low detection limit, higher selectivity and anti-interference. Notably, our biosensor enabled to detect the leptin in diet-induced obese mouse model with a good agreement of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The distinct detection results also showed in human with different body mass index (BMI) using the biosensor. Therefore, our study demonstrated that the oriented antibody immobilization based electrochemical biosensor is an effective platform for detection of leptin in actual samples and may have broad applications in assessment of obesity diseases.

An oriented antibody immobilization based electrochemical platform for detection of leptin in human with different body mass index

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Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Markers on Tumor Cells

An oriented antibody immobilization based electrochemical platform for detection of leptin in human with different body mass index